Journeys of self-discovery

PILGRIMAGES

Sometimes, the most important journey is the one that takes us closer to ourselves.

Have you ever wondered why people travel thousands of kilometres, climb steep mountains, walk barefoot for miles or cross difficult landscapes to visit a sacred place? For many, the answer lies in something deeper than reaching a destination. It is about finding peace, strengthening faith and discovering something new within themselves. Such journeys are known as pilgrimages.

WHAT IS A PILGRIMAGE?

A pilgrimage is a journey undertaken to visit a place of religious, spiritual or personal significance. People from different cultures and faiths have followed this tradition for centuries. Some seek the blessings of a deity, some wish to express gratitude, while others hope to find comfort during difficult times or search for answers to life's deeper questions.

Unlike an ordinary holiday, a pilgrimage is often less about sightseeing and more about the experience of travelling itself. The prayers, the people encountered along the way, the hardships faced and the moments of silence can make the journey deeply meaningful.

SACRED JOURNEYS AROUND THE WORLD 

Almost every part of the world has its own important pilgrimage destinations. In India, millions of devotees visit places such as Varanasi, Tirupati, Vaishno Devi, Amritsar and the Char Dham. The Kumbh Mela brings together vast numbers of pilgrims who gather at sacred riverbanks to participate in religious rituals.

For Hindus, the Char Dham pilgrimage is associated with spiritual devotion and the desire to seek blessings at sacred destinations. Muslims undertake the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, as one of the Five Pillars of Islam, provided they are physically and financially able to do so. Christians travel to Jerusalem, Bethlehem and the Vatican, among other holy places. Buddhists visit sites connected with the life of Gautama Buddha, including Bodh Gaya, where he attained enlightenment.

One of the world's best-known walking pilgrimages is the Camino de Santiago in Spain. Every year, people from different countries walk hundreds of kilometres along its routes. Some travel for religious reasons, while others seek adventure, reflection or a fresh perspective on life.

Although the destinations and traditions differ, many pilgrims share a common desire: to find meaning, peace and a deeper connection with something greater than themselves.

THE JOURNEY WITHIN 

The true significance of a pilgrimage often lies not only in reaching the sacred destination but also in what happens along the way.

Imagine walking for days through unfamiliar places, carrying only a few belongings and relying on your own strength. There may be tiredness, discomfort, unexpected challenges and moments when you feel like giving up. Yet, with every step, you may discover patience, courage and determination that you never knew you possessed.

A pilgrimage can also teach us humility. When we meet people from different backgrounds, listen to their stories and share food or shelter with strangers, we begin to understand that kindness and humanity go beyond language, wealth, religion and nationality.

Away from the noise of daily life, pilgrims often find time to reflect on their actions, relationships, dreams and priorities. The quiet moments of walking, praying or sitting in a sacred place can help them recognise what truly matters.

This is why a pilgrimage can become a journey of self-discovery. We may begin the journey looking for blessings, but along the way, we may discover gratitude. We may seek answers to difficult questions and return with a better understanding of ourselves.

MORE THAN FAITH: LESSONS FOR LIFE 

Pilgrimages offer lessons that extend beyond religious beliefs.

●Patience and perseverance: Long journeys teach us that meaningful goals often require time, effort and determination.

●Simplicity: Travelling with only essential belongings reminds us that happiness does not always depend on material possessions.

●Compassion: Helping fellow travellers and accepting help from strangers show us the importance of empathy and cooperation.

●Gratitude: Experiencing difficulties can make us appreciate our health, family, friends and everyday comforts.

●Inner peace: Prayer, meditation and quiet reflection can provide an opportunity to step away from everyday worries and regain a sense of balance.

These lessons are valuable whether a person follows a particular faith or simply wishes to understand life better.

MUST WE TRAVEL FAR TO FIND OURSELVES?

Not necessarily! While sacred destinations can inspire deep emotions, self-discovery is not limited to distant lands or famous religious sites. A quiet walk in nature, a visit to a place of personal importance, a period of meditation or an act of service to those in need can also become a meaningful journey.

The real pilgrimage begins when we are willing to look within ourselves. It requires honesty, openness and a desire to learn. Sometimes, the greatest change happens not because we see a new place, but because we begin to see the world differently.

THE DESTINATION WITHIN 

A pilgrimage may end when we return home, but its influence can continue long afterwards. The memories of the journey, the people we meet and the lessons we learn may gradually change the way we think, behave and treat others.

Ultimately, a pilgrimage is not merely about the distance travelled or the sacred place visited. It is about the transformation that takes place within us. The roads may lead to temples, churches, mosques, monasteries or mountains, but the deeper journey leads towards greater understanding, compassion and inner peace.

Perhaps the greatest blessing of a pilgrimage is not what we bring back in our bags, but what we carry back in our hearts.

After all, the most meaningful journeys do not simply change the places we have seen; they change the people we become.

SACRED PILGRIMAGES AROUND THE WORLD 

1. The Char Dham Pilgrimage – Hinduism

In Hinduism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is a sacred journey undertaken by devotees to seek divine blessings, deepen their faith and attain spiritual peace. The term Char Dham means “four sacred abodes.” The traditional Char Dham, associated with the philosopher and saint Adi Shankaracharya, consists of four important pilgrimage destinations in different parts of India:

* Badrinath (Uttarakhand): Located in the Himalayas, this temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Surrounded by magnificent mountains, it attracts devotees who seek the blessings of the preserver of the universe.

* Dwarka (Gujarat): Associated with Lord Krishna, Dwarka is believed in Hindu tradition to be the kingdom established by him. The Dwarkadhish Temple is one of its principal attractions.

* Puri (Odisha): The Jagannath Temple is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Vishnu or Krishna. Its famous Rath Yatra, or chariot festival, draws huge crowds of devotees.

* Rameswaram (Tamil Nadu): The Ramanathaswamy Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is also associated with the Ramayana, and pilgrims traditionally visit its sacred water bodies as part of their religious observances.

It is important to distinguish this traditional Char Dham from the Chota Char Dham, a separate pilgrimage circuit in Uttarakhand comprising Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath. This Himalayan journey takes pilgrims through challenging terrain and breathtaking scenery.

For many Hindus, undertaking these pilgrimages is an expression of devotion, gratitude and a desire for spiritual growth. The journey also encourages discipline, patience and humility.

2. Hajj – The Sacred Pilgrimage of Islam

Hajj is one of the most important religious duties in Islam and is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, undertaken during specific days of the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah.

Every Muslim adult who is physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey is required to perform Hajj at least once in their lifetime. A person should also be able to make the journey without neglecting the essential needs of their dependants.

During Hajj, pilgrims from different countries gather in Mecca, dressed in simple garments that symbolise humility, equality and unity before Allah. Wealth, nationality and social status become secondary as people participate in the same religious rites.

Some of the principal rituals include:

* Tawaf: Pilgrims walk seven times around the Kaaba, the sacred structure at the centre of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, in an act of worship.

* Sa'i: They walk seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwah, remembering Hajar's search for water for her son, Ismail, as described in Islamic tradition.

* Standing at Arafat: Pilgrims gather on the plain of Arafat for prayer and supplication. This is considered the central and most important rite of Hajj.

* Muzdalifah and Mina: Pilgrims spend time at these locations as part of the prescribed rites, including collecting pebbles for the symbolic stoning of the pillars at Mina.

Hajj is a powerful experience of devotion, repentance and spiritual renewal. It reminds Muslims of the importance of compassion, equality, self-discipline and submission to God.

3. Christian Pilgrimages – Journeys to the Places of Jesus Christ

Christian pilgrimage traditions are closely connected with places associated with the life, ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as with important events in the history of Christianity.

Some of the most significant destinations include:

* Jerusalem: Located in the Holy Land, Jerusalem is sacred to Christians because of its connection with the final days of Jesus Christ. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is traditionally associated with the place of his crucifixion, burial and resurrection. Many pilgrims also visit the Via Dolorosa, a route associated with the events leading to his crucifixion.

* Bethlehem: Situated in the West Bank, Bethlehem is traditionally regarded as the birthplace of Jesus Christ. The Church of the Nativity, one of the oldest continuously used Christian places of worship, is an important destination for pilgrims, particularly during Christmas.

* Vatican City: Located within Rome, Italy, Vatican City is the spiritual centre of the Roman Catholic Church and the residence of the Pope. St Peter's Basilica, built over the traditional burial site of Saint Peter, one of Jesus's apostles, attracts pilgrims from across the world.

Other well-known Christian pilgrimage destinations include Lourdes in France, associated with reported apparitions of the Virgin Mary, and Santiago de Compostela in Spain, traditionally associated with the tomb of Saint James the Greater.

Christian pilgrims may travel to pray, seek forgiveness, express gratitude, strengthen their relationship with God or reflect on the teachings of Jesus. These journeys often include attending religious services, visiting sacred sites and participating in acts of charity.

For many, the experience reinforces values such as love, forgiveness, sacrifice, hope and service to others.

4. Buddhist Pilgrimage – Following the Footsteps of Gautama Buddha

Buddhist pilgrimages take devotees and visitors to places connected with the life and teachings of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. These journeys offer opportunities to meditate, reflect on his teachings and deepen one's understanding of the path to enlightenment.

Four places are especially important in Buddhist tradition:

* Lumbini (Nepal): Traditionally recognised as the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the Buddha. The Maya Devi Temple marks the sacred site associated with his birth.

* Bodh Gaya (Bihar, India): This is where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment while meditating beneath the Bodhi Tree, according to Buddhist tradition. The Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is one of the most important Buddhist pilgrimage centres in the world.

* Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh, India): After attaining enlightenment, the Buddha delivered his first sermon here, setting in motion what Buddhists call the Wheel of Dharma. The Dhamek Stupa is a prominent monument at the site.

* Kushinagar (Uttar Pradesh, India): This is traditionally regarded as the place where the Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana after his death, marking the final passing beyond the cycle of rebirth.

Pilgrims often meditate, chant prayers, offer flowers, walk mindfully around stupas and reflect on the Buddha's teachings about suffering, compassion, impermanence and the path to liberation.

Unlike journeys undertaken solely to seek divine blessings, Buddhist pilgrimages may place particular emphasis on understanding the mind, overcoming attachment and developing wisdom and compassion. Practices differ among Buddhist traditions, but reflection and mindfulness are common elements.

For many pilgrims, visiting these places is a way of connecting with the Buddha's life and drawing inspiration to live with greater awareness, kindness and inner peace.

WHAT DO THESE PILGRIMAGES HAVE IN COMMON?

Although Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism have different beliefs, practices and understandings of spiritual life, their pilgrimage traditions share several meaningful features.

* Faith and devotion: Pilgrims seek to deepen their spiritual connection and honour what they consider sacred.

* Self-discipline: Long journeys and religious observances often require patience, effort and commitment.

* Community and equality: Pilgrims meet people from diverse backgrounds and share a common purpose.

* Reflection and renewal: Time away from everyday routines provides an opportunity to examine one's thoughts, actions and priorities.

* Compassion and humility: Many pilgrimage traditions encourage kindness, gratitude and concern for others.

Ultimately, a pilgrimage is more than a journey to a sacred place. It can also become a journey towards greater self-understanding. While the destination may be a temple, a mosque, a church or a monastery, the experience can inspire people to return home with renewed faith, a more compassionate outlook and a deeper appreciation of life.

The Magical Art of Paper

ORIGAMI AND KIRIGAMI 

Have you ever wondered how a simple sheet of paper can be transformed into a beautiful bird, a colourful flower, or even an elaborate piece of artwork? With a little imagination, patience and skill, paper can become almost anything! Two fascinating art forms that bring paper to life are Origami and Kirigami.

Although both use paper to create amazing designs, they differ in one important way: origami relies mainly on folding, while kirigami uses both folding and cutting.

ORIGAMI: THE ART OF PAPER FOLDING 

Origami is the traditional Japanese art of folding paper into different shapes without cutting or gluing it. The word origami comes from two Japanese words: ori, meaning “folding”, and kami, meaning “paper”.

Using a single sheet of paper, an artist can create animals, birds, flowers, boats, boxes and many other objects. One of the most popular origami creations is the paper crane, which has become a symbol of peace, hope and healing in Japan.

Origami began developing in Japan centuries ago, when paper was expensive and mainly used for special ceremonies. Over time, it became a popular art form enjoyed by people of all ages across the world.

The beauty of origami lies in its simplicity. A few carefully planned folds can transform a flat sheet into a three-dimensional object. Some designs are simple enough for beginners, while others require hundreds of precise folds and considerable practice.

Origami is not just an enjoyable hobby. It also helps develop concentration, patience, creativity and problem-solving skills. It introduces children to geometric shapes, symmetry, angles and spatial reasoning in a fun and practical way.

KIRIGAMI: THE ART OF CUTTING AND FOLDING 

Kirigami is another Japanese paper art that combines folding with cutting to create beautiful designs. Its name comes from kiri, meaning “cut”, and kami, meaning “paper”.

Unlike traditional origami, kirigami allows artists to cut the paper using scissors or a craft knife. By making carefully planned cuts and folds, they can create intricate snowflakes, decorative patterns, greeting cards, paper flowers and stunning three-dimensional structures.

One familiar example of kirigami is a paper snowflake. When a sheet of paper is folded and small shapes are cut along its edges, opening it reveals a delicate, symmetrical design. Similarly, pop-up greeting cards that reveal flowers, buildings or other shapes when opened often use kirigami techniques.

Kirigami offers tremendous freedom for artistic expression. Artists can experiment with patterns, shapes and layers to produce designs that are both delicate and dramatic. It is also used in educational activities, architectural models, product design and creative crafts.

ORIGAMI vs KIRIGAMI: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

The two art forms may look similar, but their techniques are different.

- Origami: Paper is shaped primarily through folding, without cutting or tearing in traditional origami.

- Kirigami: Paper is shaped using both cutting and folding.

- Origami creations: Paper cranes, jumping frogs, butterflies and folded boxes.

- Kirigami creations: Paper snowflakes, intricate cut-out patterns, pop-up cards and decorative paper sculptures.

Both art forms demonstrate how creativity can transform an ordinary material into something extraordinary.

AMAZING USES BEYOND ART 

Origami and kirigami are not limited to paper crafts. Their principles have inspired scientists, engineers and designers to develop innovative solutions.

Origami-inspired folding techniques are used in engineering to design compact structures that can expand when needed. Scientists have explored folding patterns for solar panels used in space, deployable medical devices and structures that must fit into small spaces before opening.

Kirigami-inspired designs have also attracted attention in engineering and materials science. Carefully placed cuts can help materials stretch, bend or change shape in controlled ways. Researchers are exploring these principles in flexible electronics, medical devices and advanced materials.

These applications show that the mathematics and creativity behind paper art can contribute to real-world inventions.

DID YOU KNOW?

- A thousand paper cranes: In Japanese tradition, folding one thousand paper cranes is associated with a wish for good fortune, health or peace.

- A lesson in mathematics: Origami folds can demonstrate symmetry, fractions, angles and geometric transformations.

- No two designs need to be alike: Small changes in folding or cutting patterns can produce remarkably different creations.

- Paper art can inspire engineering: Folding patterns help designers imagine how large structures can be packed into small spaces and then unfolded.

CONCLUSION 

Origami and kirigami remind us that creativity does not always require expensive materials or complicated tools. Sometimes, all we need is a sheet of paper and a curious mind.

While origami teaches us the beauty of shaping through folds, kirigami encourages us to explore the possibilities of cuts and patterns. Both art forms develop patience, imagination and precision while turning simple paper into something wonderful.

So, the next time you find a sheet of paper, do not just write on it. Fold it, cut it, experiment with it and discover the artist within you. You may be surprised by the magic your hands can create!

The World's Greatest Cycling Adventure

THE TOUR de FRANCE 

Imagine cycling through towering mountains, picturesque valleys, charming villages and busy city streets for thousands of kilometres! Sounds exhausting, doesn't it? Now imagine doing it at incredible speed while competing against some of the world's finest cyclists. Welcome to the Tour de France, one of the most challenging and exciting cycling races on Earth!

Every year, this legendary sporting event attracts millions of spectators and cycling enthusiasts. It tests not only the physical strength and endurance of the riders but also their determination, courage, strategy and teamwork.

A RACE BORN MORE THAN A CENTURY AGO 

The story of the Tour de France began in 1903. A French newspaper called L'Auto came up with the idea of organising a long-distance bicycle race around France to attract more readers. The plan turned out to be a tremendous success!

The first race featured just 60 cyclists, who faced rough roads, exhausting journeys and limited support. Over the years, the competition grew in popularity and became one of the most prestigious sporting events in the world.

Today, professional cyclists from many countries participate in this extraordinary race. Modern bicycles, advanced technology, scientific training and carefully planned strategies have transformed the competition, allowing riders to perform at remarkable levels.

Cyclists usually cover more than 3,000 kilometres over several weeks, making the Tour de France a true test of human endurance.

A JOURNEY THROUGH BREATHTAKING LANDSCAPES 

Despite its name, the Tour de France does not always take place entirely within France. The race sometimes begins in another country before entering France. This special opening is known as the Grand Départ.

The route changes every year, taking riders through a variety of landscapes, including rolling countryside, historic villages, scenic valleys and bustling cities. Some of the most challenging sections pass through two famous mountain ranges:

- The Alps: Known for their steep climbs, winding roads and spectacular mountain scenery.

- The Pyrenees: A rugged mountain range where cyclists face demanding uphill stretches and thrilling descents.

The race traditionally finishes in Paris, often along the famous Champs-Élysées, where enthusiastic crowds gather to celebrate the riders' incredible achievements. However, the exact finishing arrangements can vary from year to year.

The ULTIMATE MOUNTAIN CHALLENGE 

The mountain stages are among the most exciting parts of the Tour de France. Imagine pedalling uphill for kilometres, with the road becoming steeper and the air growing thinner at higher elevations. Every turn brings another challenge!

These climbs demand exceptional stamina, powerful leg muscles and tremendous mental strength. Riders must carefully manage their energy because pushing too hard too early can leave them exhausted before reaching the summit.

Mountain stages can also influence the final result of the race. Strong climbers often gain valuable time on their rivals, making these stages crucial in the battle for the overall title.

Along the roads, spectators cheer, wave flags and encourage the cyclists as they struggle towards the top. Their enthusiasm adds to the electric atmosphere of this remarkable sporting spectacle.

MORE THAN JUST SPEED: THE POWER OF TEAMWORK 

At first glance, cycling may appear to be an individual sport. However, teamwork is essential to success in the Tour de France.

Each team includes riders with different strengths and responsibilities. Some specialise in climbing mountains, while others excel on flat roads or in individual time trials. A team's strategy often revolves around supporting its strongest contender for the overall title.

Teammates may ride ahead to protect their leader from strong winds, collect food and water, or help control the pace of the race. Riding behind another cyclist can reduce air resistance and save valuable energy.

This means that even a rider who does not win the race may play a vital role in helping a teammate become champion. The Tour de France beautifully demonstrates how cooperation, planning and trust can make the difference between victory and defeat.

THE FAMOUS YELLOW JERSEY 

One of the most recognisable symbols of the Tour de France is the bright yellow jersey, known as the Maillot Jaune in French.

The yellow jersey is worn by the rider who leads the general classification, which is based on the lowest cumulative time taken to complete the stages. In simple words, the rider with the fastest overall time wears the jersey.

At the end of each stage, the timings are calculated to determine who leads the race. The yellow jersey may change hands several times as the competition progresses.

Winning the yellow jersey at the end of the Tour is considered one of the greatest achievements in professional cycling. It represents not just speed but also consistency, endurance, intelligent racing and the ability to perform under immense pressure.

AN EVENT THAT CAPTURES THE WORLD'S IMAGINATION 

The Tour de France is much more than a bicycle race. It is a celebration of sport, perseverance and human potential. The changing routes, dramatic mountain battles, unexpected twists and thrilling finishes keep spectators excited throughout the competition.

For the cyclists, every kilometre is a test of determination. For the spectators, every stage offers a chance to witness extraordinary sporting performances against some of the most beautiful landscapes in Europe.

The Tour de France reminds us that great achievements require patience, discipline and teamwork. Whether climbing a seemingly endless mountain or racing towards the finish line, the cyclists show us what the human body and mind can accomplish through dedication and hard work.

So, the next time you see a group of cyclists racing along a mountain road, remember that they are doing much more than riding bicycles. They are taking part in one of the greatest tests of endurance and courage in the world of sport!

AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THE TOUR de FRANCE 

- First race: The Tour de France was first held in 1903.

- A long journey: The modern race generally covers more than 3,000 kilometres.

- A famous colour: The yellow jersey was introduced in 1919.

- Changing routes: The course is redesigned every year, bringing new challenges for the riders.

- International adventure: The race has started in several countries outside France.

- Millions of fans: Spectators gather along the route, while millions more follow the race through television and other media.

- Team effort: Although one rider is crowned the overall champion, the achievement often depends on the hard work of the entire team.

DID YOU KNOW?

The Tour de France is not decided by who wins the most stages. The overall champion is the rider who completes the race in the lowest total time, after any applicable time adjustments. A cyclist can therefore win the Tour without winning a single individual stage!

Cycling is not just about speed; it is about endurance, determination and the courage to keep moving forward, even when the road ahead seems impossible.

The Brave Warrior Who Sacrificed Himself

The STORY OF ARAVAN 

The story of Aravan is one of the most moving episodes associated with the Mahabharata. It is a tale of courage, duty, sacrifice and devotion. Aravan, also known as Iravan, is remembered for his willingness to give up his life for the victory of the Pandavas in the great Kurukshetra War.

WHO WAS ARAVAN?

Aravan was the son of Arjuna, one of the five Pandava brothers, and the Naga princess Ulupi. Arjuna met Ulupi during his travels, and they had a son named Aravan.

Although Aravan does not play a major role in the central narrative of the Mahabharata, he occupies a special place in regional traditions, particularly in parts of South India. His story is especially associated with the ancient Tamil traditions surrounding the deity Kuttandavar.

THE PANDAVA'S DIFFICULT SITUATION 

According to a popular version of the story found in regional Mahabharata traditions, the Pandavas were preparing for the great war against the Kauravas. Before the battle began, certain rituals were believed to be necessary to ensure victory.

One such tradition speaks of a sacrifice of a warrior of exceptional qualities. When the Pandavas learned about this requirement, they faced a difficult situation. Who would willingly offer his life for the sake of his family and the greater cause?

Aravan, the brave son of Arjuna, came forward.

He understood that his sacrifice could help his father's side in the impending war. Despite knowing that he would not return alive, he agreed to offer himself.

THE THREE BOONS GRANTED BY LORD KRISHNA 

Before the sacrifice, Lord Krishna offered Aravan three boons in recognition of his extraordinary courage. The details vary across regional traditions, but a popular Tamil version describes the following wishes.

1. The wish to get married

Aravan's first wish was to experience marriage before his death. However, no woman was willing to marry him, knowing that she would become a widow the very next day.

Seeing his sadness, Lord Krishna took the form of a beautiful woman named Mohini. In this form, Krishna married Aravan, and a wedding was celebrated before the sacrifice. Their marriage was brief, lasting only one night in this popular telling.

2. The wish to witness the great war

Aravan wanted to witness the entire Kurukshetra War, even after his death. Krishna granted this wish, and according to the tradition, Aravan's severed head remained alive to watch the battle unfold.

3. The wish for a heroic death

Aravan wished to die a warrior's death and be remembered for his bravery. In some versions, he is granted the boon of dying heroically on the battlefield.

These wishes reveal that Aravan wanted not only to fulfil his duty but also to experience marriage, witness history and attain the honour of a brave warrior.

THE GREAT SACRIFICE 

After his marriage to Mohini, Aravan prepared for the ultimate sacrifice. According to the Tamil folk tradition, he offered himself to Goddess Kali to help secure victory for the Pandavas.

It was a heartbreaking moment. Mohini, who had been a bride the previous night, became a widow the next morning. Lord Krishna, still in the form of Mohini, mourned Aravan's death, setting aside his divine identity to express the grief of a bereaved wife.

This poignant episode is one of the most memorable aspects of the legend. It portrays Krishna not merely as a divine guide but also as a compassionate being who shares in the sorrow of others.

THE FESTIVAL OF KOOVAGAM: KEEPING ARAVAN'S STORY ALIVE 

The story of Aravan continues to be celebrated at the Koovagam festival in Tamil Nadu, particularly at the Koothandavar Temple in the village of Koovagam.

During this annual festival, transgender women, known in Tamil as Thirunangai, ceremonially marry Aravan by participating in wedding rituals. The following day, they symbolically mourn his death, just as Mohini mourned her husband in the legend.

The festival is deeply meaningful to many members of the transgender community. It offers a sense of belonging, spiritual connection and recognition. People travel from different parts of India and beyond to take part in the celebrations.

THE MESSAGE OF ARAVAN'S STORY 

Aravan's story is more than a tale of sacrifice. It reminds us that true courage lies in standing by one's principles, even when the path is difficult. His willingness to offer his life for a greater cause represents selflessness and devotion.

The story of Krishna becoming Mohini also highlights compassion and the importance of acknowledging another person's wishes and feelings. Meanwhile, the continuing tradition at Koovagam shows how an ancient legend can give people a sense of identity and community.

Aravan is remembered not because he lived a long life, but because his brief life became a lasting symbol of courage, sacrifice and compassion.

Note for readers: The story of Aravan's pre-war sacrifice and marriage to Mohini is especially prominent in Tamil regional and folk traditions. The Sanskrit Mahabharata gives a different account of Iravan's death during the war. These variations are an important part of understanding how the epic has been retold across India.

Both Aravan and Iravan are correct names for the same character, but the preferred name depends on the tradition.

* Iravan (इरावान्) is the name commonly used in the Sanskrit Mahabharata. He is the son of Arjuna and Ulupi.

* Aravan (அரவான்) is the name widely used in Tamil traditions, particularly in connection with the Koovagam festival and the worship of Kuttandavar.

The stories associated with him also differ. His sacrifice and marriage to Lord Krishna in the form of Mohini are especially prominent in Tamil folk traditions.

A New Journey Towards Greener Railways

INDIA’S FIRST LNG-POWERED TRAIN 

Imagine travelling on a train that uses a cleaner alternative to diesel to power its engine! Indian Railways has taken an important step towards making train journeys more environment-friendly with the introduction of India’s first LNG-powered train, launched on 27 September 2026 from Sabarmati Railway Station in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This innovation marks a significant development in the country’s efforts to reduce diesel consumption and promote cleaner railway transportation.

WHAT IS AN LNG-POWERED TRAIN?

LNG stands for Liquefied Natural Gas. It is natural gas that has been cooled to an extremely low temperature of approximately –162°C, changing it into liquid form. This makes it easier to store and transport in specially designed tanks.

Natural gas is mainly composed of methane. When used as a fuel, it generally produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy than diesel. Therefore, LNG can be a useful alternative fuel for reducing emissions from transport.

India’s first LNG-powered train uses a special dual-fuel system, which allows its engine to operate using both LNG and diesel. This means that the train does not depend entirely on LNG and can continue to operate using diesel when necessary.

WHERE WAS INDIA’S FIRST LNG TRAIN LAUNCHED?

The train was flagged off from Sabarmati Railway Station in Ahmedabad by Union Home Minister Amit Shah on 27 September 2026. The project is being operated by the Ahmedabad Division of Western Railway.

The train is an eight-coach, non-air-conditioned passenger train. During its inaugural run, it travelled between Sabarmati and Mahesana Junction in Gujarat.

Instead of building an entirely new train, Indian Railways modified an existing diesel-electric multiple unit (DEMU) train by converting its driving power cars to use the new dual-fuel technology. This approach allows existing railway equipment to be put to use while reducing its dependence on conventional diesel fuel.

HOW DOES THE LNG TRAIN WORK?

The train’s two driving power cars, each with a capacity of 1,400 horsepower, have been modified to use LNG along with diesel.

Here is how the system works:

●LNG storage: Specially designed tanks store the liquefied natural gas on the train.

●Dual-fuel technology: The modified engines use LNG to replace a portion of the diesel they would otherwise consume.

●Flexible operation: The train can continue running on diesel if LNG is unavailable.

●Careful monitoring: Special fuel-control and safety systems help manage the use of LNG during operation.

The system has undergone more than 2,000 kilometres of field trials to check its performance and reliability. According to Indian Railways, LNG can replace approximately 40 per cent of the train’s diesel consumption.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF THE LNG TRAIN?

1) Reduced diesel consumption

One of the biggest advantages is that the train uses less diesel. Replacing a portion of diesel with LNG can help reduce dependence on conventional fuel.

2) Lower emissions

LNG generally produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy than diesel. Its use can also help reduce certain other pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, depending on the engine and operating conditions. However, LNG is still a fossil fuel, so it does not eliminate carbon emissions.

3)Lower operating costs

Using LNG can reduce fuel expenses. Based on trial data, Indian Railways has estimated annual savings of approximately ₹11.9 lakh per driving power car, or around ₹23.9 lakh for an eight-coach train. These are estimates, and actual savings may vary.

4) Better use of existing trains

Converting existing diesel trains is an alternative to replacing them entirely. It allows the Railways to introduce a different fuel technology while continuing to use its existing railway assets.

5) A step towards sustainable transportation

Railways can carry large numbers of passengers and goods efficiently. Making railway operations cleaner can contribute to India's wider efforts to reduce pollution and improve energy efficiency.

LNG TRAIN vs HYDROGEN TRAIN 

India has also introduced a hydrogen-powered train, making it interesting to compare these two technologies.

The LNG-powered train uses liquefied natural gas along with diesel as its energy source and operates through a modified combustion engine. Its main advantage is that it reduces diesel consumption, although it still produces carbon dioxide and other emissions during combustion. Its major challenges include the safe storage of LNG and the fact that it continues to rely on a fossil fuel. On the other hand, a hydrogen-powered train uses hydrogen as its energy source and operates using hydrogen fuel cells, which generate electricity without combustion. The main advantage of this technology is that fuel-cell operation produces water as its main by-product. However, hydrogen-powered trains face challenges related to hydrogen production, storage and the development of refuelling infrastructure.

Both technologies explore alternatives to conventional diesel, but they work in different ways.

AMAZING FACTS 

●India’s first LNG-powered train was launched on 27 September 2026.

●The train was introduced at Sabarmati Railway Station in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

●It has eight coaches and uses an LNG-diesel dual-fuel system.

●Its two driving power cars have a capacity of 1,400 horsepower each.

●The technology can replace approximately 40% of diesel consumption with LNG.

●The project demonstrates that an existing diesel train can be modified to use an alternative fuel.

THE JOURNEY AHEAD 

India’s first LNG-powered train is an important experiment in making railway transportation more fuel-efficient and environmentally responsible. Although LNG is not a completely pollution-free fuel, using it to replace part of the diesel consumed by trains can offer economic and environmental benefits.

As Indian Railways continues to explore electrification, hydrogen technology and alternative fuels, innovations such as the LNG train may help shape the future of transportation in the country.

The message is clear: the journey towards a greener future begins with smarter choices today. And this new train is another step forward on that journey!

Do you know

DO HUMANS THINK IN THE SAME ACCENT THAT THEY SPEAK?

Yes! Many people think in the same accent they speak, but not everyone does. The fascinating thing is that the voice we hear inside our heads may have an accent, a language, or even a style that differs from our spoken voice.

Imagine this: You are reading this sentence silently in your mind. Can you hear yourself saying it? If you can, does your inner voice sound like your usual speaking voice?

Let's explore this interesting mystery of the human brain!

1. Does our inner voice have an accent?

When we think in words, we often experience something called inner speech. It is like talking to ourselves silently, without moving our lips or producing any sound.

For many people, this inner voice resembles their everyday speaking voice, including its accent, pronunciation and rhythm.

For example:

●A person who speaks English with an Indian accent may imagine English words with a similar accent.

●Someone who speaks Marathi and English may think in Marathi at one moment and English the next.

●A person who has lived in different countries may find that their inner voice changes depending on the language they are thinking in.

However, there is no rule that says our inner voice must match our spoken accent exactly.

2. Why does this happen?

Our brains learn the sounds, rhythms and patterns of speech as we grow up. When we speak, we use these learned patterns. When we imagine speaking silently, our brains can reuse some of the same processes.

That is why your inner voice may sound like you.

However, inner speech is not exactly the same as speaking aloud. You might think in incomplete sentences, skip words, or understand an idea without hearing any words at all.

3. What if you speak two or more languages?

This is where things become even more interesting!

Suppose you speak Marathi, Hindi and English. You might:

●Think in Marathi when remembering a conversation with a family member.

●Think in English while solving a mathematics problem.

●Think in Hindi when recalling a film dialogue.

●Switch between languages while planning your day.

Your inner voice may carry the accent associated with whichever language you are imagining. But multilingual people differ: some experience a distinct inner voice for each language, while others do not notice a clear accent at all.

4. Can your inner voice have a different accent from your real voice?

Absolutely!

You might speak English with a strong regional accent but imagine yourself speaking it with a different accent. You may also imagine a conversation in the voice of someone else, such as a teacher, friend or favourite actor.

This happens because the brain can create imagined speech without requiring us to reproduce our actual voice perfectly.

In fact, some people report having very little inner speech. They may think primarily through images, feelings, concepts or abstract ideas instead of hearing a continuous voice in their minds.

5. Amazing facts about the voice inside your head

●It is usually silent: Inner speech can feel like talking without producing audible sound.

●It can change languages: Multilingual people may experience inner speech in different languages depending on the situation.

●It can imitate voices: You can often imagine how another person sounds without hearing them speak at that moment.

●It is not always verbal: You can recognise a familiar face, solve a visual puzzle or understand an idea without putting it into words.

●Everyone's experience is different: Some people have a constant inner monologue, while others experience it occasionally or rarely.

The big question: Is your inner voice really you?

Your inner voice is one way your brain represents thoughts, memories and imagined conversations. It may resemble your real voice, but it is not a perfect recording of it.

Scientists are still investigating how inner speech works and why people experience it so differently.

Try this little experiment: Close your eyes and silently say, “Good morning! How are you?”

Now imagine saying the same sentence in a different accent.

Did your inner voice change? Did the words sound different, even though you did not speak aloud?

Your experience offers a small glimpse into the remarkable workings of your brain!

The Moment That Opens Our Eyes!

A WAKE-UP CALL 

Have you ever ignored an important task until the last minute and then regretted it? Or have you ever realised the importance of good health only after falling ill? Such experiences often teach us valuable lessons. They act as a wake-up call, reminding us that it is time to stop, think and make a change.

What Is a Wake-Up Call?

A wake-up call is an event, experience or warning that makes us suddenly realise that something is wrong or needs our attention. It encourages us to change our behaviour, correct our mistakes or take action before it is too late.

The expression comes from the idea of waking someone from sleep. Just as an alarm clock wakes us up in the morning, a wake-up call in life awakens us to a reality we may have been ignoring.

For example, imagine a student who spends most of the day playing video games and hardly studies. When the examination results arrive, the student discovers that the marks are much lower than expected. This experience may serve as a wake-up call, encouraging the student to manage time better and study regularly.

Wake-Up Calls in Everyday Life

Wake-up calls can come in many forms. Sometimes, they are gentle reminders; at other times, they are difficult experiences that make us rethink our choices.

●Health: A doctor warning someone about the harmful effects of an unhealthy lifestyle can be a wake-up call. It may inspire the person to exercise regularly, eat nutritious food and get enough sleep.

●Education: Poor examination results can remind students that success requires consistent effort, discipline and proper planning.

●Relationships: A disagreement with a friend or a misunderstanding within a family may help us realise the importance of listening, kindness and spending quality time with loved ones.

●The Environment: Rising temperatures, polluted rivers, disappearing forests and extreme weather events are wake-up calls for humanity. They remind us that protecting nature is not merely a choice but a responsibility.

●Technology: If we find ourselves spending hours scrolling through social media while neglecting our studies, hobbies or family, it may be time for a wake-up call. We must learn to use technology wisely instead of allowing it to control our lives.

A Small Story with a Big Lesson

Ravi was a bright student who always believed that he could prepare for his examinations at the last moment. Whenever his parents advised him to follow a timetable, he would smile and say, “There is still plenty of time!”

One day, his final examination results were announced. To his disappointment, Ravi had scored far below his expectations. He felt upset, especially when he realised that his friends had performed much better because they had studied regularly.

That evening, Ravi sat down and thought about his mistakes. He understood that his problem was not a lack of ability but a lack of preparation and discipline. His disappointing results became a wake-up call.

From that day onwards, Ravi made a timetable, completed his homework on time and revised his lessons every day. Gradually, his confidence improved, and he began performing better in class.

Ravi learnt an important lesson: recognising a mistake is the first step towards correcting it.

Why Do We Need Wake-Up Calls?

Life often gives us opportunities to improve, but we do not always pay attention to the warning signs. We may ignore our health, postpone important work, take relationships for granted or continue habits that harm us.

A wake-up call helps us see things more clearly. It encourages us to examine our actions, accept responsibility and make wiser decisions. Although such experiences can sometimes be painful, they can also become turning points that lead us towards personal growth.

However, we do not always have to wait for a failure or a crisis to change. We can learn to recognise small warning signs and take action early. A little self-reflection today can prevent a bigger problem tomorrow.

An Amazing Fact About the Expression

A wake-up call has a literal meaning, too! Hotels often offer wake-up calls, in which a staff member or an automated system telephones a guest at a requested time to make sure they wake up. The same expression is used figuratively for an event that awakens someone to an important truth.

The Final Bell

A wake-up call is not simply a warning; it is an opportunity to begin again. It reminds us that mistakes need not define us, failures need not defeat us, and difficult experiences can teach us valuable lessons.

The next time life gives you a warning sign, do not ignore it. Pause, reflect and take the necessary steps to improve.

Remember: Sometimes, the wake-up call we least want to hear is the one we most need to hear.