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HOW LIDAR WORKS 

LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a kind of combination of light and radar. LiDAR sends pulses of laser beams at objects far away. Tracking the distances these beams of light travel helps create accurate three-dimensional, or 3D, maps and configurations. 

When scientists tried a primitive form of LiDAR in the 1930s, they just used big flashlights. Initially, they were looking for particles in the atmosphere called aerosols. In 1960, the first working laser was devised, which greatly expanded what was possible with LiDAR. 

Laser light is different from the light of a flashlight. It has a narrow beam of light that can travel great distances without getting wider or weaker. Let’s say a LiDAR scanner is aimed at a bicycle a few blocks away. When the light reaches the bike, it bounces back the way it came and hits the receiver. 

The amount of time it took for the light to travel roundtrip is recorded by a computer. By dividing that number by two, you know how far away the bike is—its range. But that’s not all. You can also tell how far away the handlebars, pedals, and wheels are and how they’re positioned. 

Scientists from different disciplines take those many points of light and turn them into accurate 3D images. 

Seismologists, or earthquake scientists, can see previously unknown fault lines. Volcanologists can watch how volcanoes breathe gas. Conservationists can find areas and trees that endangered animals call home.

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HOW DOES WATER IN EARTHEN POTS REMAIN COOL?

Earthen pots or mud containers have natural cooling properties that keep water cool. This cooling effect is primarily due to the process of evaporation and the absorbing feature of the earthen material. 

The secret to water remaining cool in earthen pots include:

1. Permeable Material: Earthen pots are produced using permeable materials, meaning they have minuscule pores. These pores permit water to seep through the walls of the pot. This helps maintain a lower temperature inside the pot.

2. Evaporation: When water seeps through the pores of the earthen pot, it comes into contact with the external surface of the pot, from where it turns into water vapour, thanks to the heat in the environment around the pot.

3. Evaporative cooling: Evaporation is a cooling process. At the point when water particles on the outer layer of the pot absorb heat from the environment and transform from fluid to vapour, it removes heat energy from the water chilling it off all the while.

4. Steady cooling cycle: This pattern of water, seeping through the pores, coming into contact with the external surface and going through evaporation makes a consistent cooling impact. As long as there is a source of water and the surrounding air isn't immersed with humidity, the pot keeps on cooling the water.

5. Natural flexibility: Earthen pots are especially successful in dry environments. The cooling impact is more evident in regions with low humidity, where evaporation happens more promptly. 

While earthen pots give regular cooling, the duration might differ as per the natural conditions around. In humid conditions, where evaporation is slower, the cooling impact might be less visible. Also the thickness and the nature of the earthen pods, as well as their design can impact, their cooling properties.

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WHY DO FRUITS CHANGE COLOUR WHEN THEY RIPEN?

Fruits change colour when they ripen mainly due to chemical changes involving pigments. 

1. Pigment Transformation: Unripe fruits are usually green because of chlorophyll (the same pigment found in leaves). As the fruit ripens, chlorophyll breaks down

New pigments develop: Carotenoids – give yellow, orange, or red colours (like in bananas, mangoes, carrots). Anthocyanins – give red, purple, or blue colours (like in grapes, cherries, plums)

2. Purpose: Attracting Animals

The colour change is nature’s way of saying, “Hey, I’m ready!”

Bright, attractive colours signal ripeness to animals. Animals eat the fruit and help disperse the seeds, aiding the plant's reproduction.

3. Ethylene Gas: Fruits like bananas and apples produce ethylene, a natural gas that triggers ripening. Ethylene activates enzymes that break down chlorophyll and build up other pigments.

4. Softening and Sweetening along with the colour change: Starches convert into sugars (making the fruit sweeter). Enzymes break down cell walls (making it softer)

So, the colour change is both a chemical signal and an evolutionary strategy. 

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WHY DO SNAKES HISS?

Snakes hiss primarily as a defense mechanism. Here's why they do it:

1. Warning signal: The hiss is meant to intimidate or scare off potential threats without resorting to a physical confrontation. 

2. Territorial behavior: Some snakes may hiss to assert dominance over a space, especially if they feel cornered.

3. No vocal cords needed: Snakes don’t have vocal cords. Instead, they produce the hissing sound by forcibly exhaling air through their glottis, which vibrates a small piece of cartilage to create that distinctive sound.

4. Camouflage enhancer: In some cases, hissing can mimic other sounds in nature (like a predator's growl or a larger animal's presence), adding a psychological layer to their defense.

Pine snake 

The pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) is known to have one of the loudest and most intense hisses among snakes. It's so powerful that it can sound like a high-pressure release of steam or even mimic the growl of a larger animal.

What makes it interesting is that the pine snake has a special flap of tissue in its glottis that enhances the sound, almost like a reed in a wind instrument. This allows it to amplify and control the pitch of its hiss—pretty sophisticated for a creature without vocal cords!

Other loud hissers include:

Bullsnakes (closely related to pine snakes)

Cobras (they also spread their hoods for extra drama)

Rattlesnakes (hiss along with their rattle for double threat effect)

How do snakes hiss?

Snakes hiss by forcibly exhaling air through their glottis, a small opening in the throat located just behind the tongue. Here's a step-by-step of how it works:

1. Air expelled from lungs: The snake forcefully pushes air out of its single functional lung (most snakes have just one main lung).

2. Glottis involvement: The air passes through the glottis, a slit-like structure in the windpipe.

3. Cartilage vibration: Inside the glottis, there's a small piece of cartilage that can vibrate as air rushes through, much like a reed in a wind instrument. This produces the hissing sound.

4. Mouth often closed: Unlike other animals that might open their mouths wide to vocalise, snakes usually hiss with their mouth closed or just slightly open.

5. Modulation: Some snakes, like the pine snake, can even modulate the sound to make it louder or change pitch, depending on the situation.

It’s all breath and no vocal cords—just clever use of air and anatomy.

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HOW DO INSECTS LIKE MOSQUITOES WALK ON WATER?

Insects like mosquitoes can walk (or more commonly, stand) on water due to the following reasons:

1. Surface Tension: Water molecules are strongly attracted to each other, especially at the surface. This creates a sort of "film" at the surface that resists external force—called surface tension. Small, lightweight insects don't exert enough force to break through this tension.

2. Hydrophobic Legs: Mosquitoes and other water-walking insects have hydrophobic (water-repellent) legs. Their legs are covered with microscopic hairs and waxy substances that repel water, helping them stay on top without sinking.

3. Weight Distribution: They have long, spread-out legs that distribute their tiny body weight over a wider area. This reduces pressure on any single point on the water surface.

So, they're not really walking in the usual sense—they're kind of “floating” on water. 

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WHY DO CHINESE DRAGONS RESEMBLE SNAKES?

Mythical snake-like dragons date back to artefacts discovered in northeast China as early as 5000 BCE, but it’s not known why they resemble snakes. The earliest depictions of dragons were called pig dragons – small jade sculptures featuring a pig’s head with a coiled body. Early versions looked more like a foetus, with the longer serpentine body becoming popular later. In Chinese culture, dragons are synonymous with water and are said to be the masters of rainfall, waterfalls, rivers and seas. This could partly explain their serpentine form as a swimming mechanism similar to an eel, or perhaps the wavy snake-like shape was a reason dragons became associated with water. Traditionally, it’s not only snakes that dragon depicters have borrowed from – there are many other anatomical resemblances found in Chinese dragons, including stag horns, carp scales, tiger feet and eagle claws.

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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BROWN AND WHITE EGGS?

The primary difference between brown and white eggs is the colour of the eggshell, which is determined by the breed of the hen that lays them. Here are some key differences and similarities:

Differences:

1. Eggshell Color – White eggs come from hens with white feathers and white earlobes, while brown eggs come from hens with red or brown feathers and red earlobes.

2. Price – Brown eggs are often more expensive than white eggs because the hens that lay them (like Rhode Island Reds) tend to be larger and require more feed.

3. Perceived Quality – Some people believe brown eggs are healthier or more natural, but this is a misconception.

Similarities:

1. Nutritional Value – Both brown and white eggs have nearly identical nutrition, containing the same amount of protein, fat, and vitamins.

2. Taste and Cooking – There is no significant difference in taste or cooking performance. However, diet can slightly influence yolk color and flavour.

3. Shell Thickness – Some believe brown eggs have thicker shells, but shell thickness depends on the hen’s age, not egg colour. Younger hens lay eggs with thicker shells.

So, the choice between brown and white eggs mostly comes down to personal preference and cost rather than any real nutritional or taste difference.

One of the largest and most successful fast-food chains in the world

McDonald's

The story of McDonald's is quite interesting.

The McDonald Brothers (Founders): Richard and Maurice McDonald originally opened McDonald's Bar-B-Q in 1940 in San Bernardino, California. It was a typical drive-in restaurant of the time. But in 1948, they revamped the restaurant into a fast-food model, eliminating carhops and streamlining their menu to focus on just a few items: burgers, fries, and shakes.

They introduced the "Speedee Service System", which worked like an assembly line, allowing them to serve food much faster than traditional restaurants. This system became the foundation of modern fast food.

Ray Kroc (The Man Who Built McDonald's Empire): In 1954, Ray Kroc, a traveling milkshake machine salesman, discovered the McDonald brothers' restaurant when they ordered several of his Multimixer machines. He was impressed by their efficiency and saw a huge business opportunity.

Kroc convinced the brothers to let him franchise McDonald's under their name. By 1955, he opened the first McDonald's franchise in Des Plaines, Illinois. Over time, he expanded aggressively, eventually buying out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million in 1961.

McDonald's Today: After Kroc took over, he turned McDonald's into a global fast-food empire with:

The Golden Arches logo

The Ronald McDonald mascot

A focus on franchising

Strict consistency in food quality and service

Today, McDonald's is one of the largest and most successful fast-food chains in the world, serving millions of customers in over 100 countries.

So, while the McDonald brothers started it, it was Ray Kroc who made it what it is today!

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HOW WAS THE WORD "NEWS" DERIVED?

The word news comes from the late Middle English period (14th–15th century) and is derived from the plural form of new, meaning "new things" or "new occurrences." It was influenced by the Old French word nouvelles, which also means "new things" or "tidings."

There is a common but incorrect myth that news is an acronym for "North, East, West, South," suggesting it represents information from all directions. However, this is not true; the word simply evolved from the idea of reporting new events.

The word news has an interesting linguistic evolution:

1. Early Usage: The concept of reporting new events dates back to ancient civilizations. The Romans had the Acta Diurna, a daily gazette, and in China, the government circulated official reports called dibao as early as the Tang Dynasty. The word news itself first appeared in English in the 14th century, referring to "new things" or "fresh information."

2. Language Influence: It comes from the Middle English newes, which was the plural of new. The Old French nouvelles (meaning "new things" or "tidings") also played a role in shaping its meaning. Similar words exist in other languages: Spanish (noticias), German (Nachrichten), and Italian (notizie), all referring to updates or reports.

3. Misconception About NEWS as an Acronym: Some people believe news stands for "North, East, West, South," implying worldwide coverage. This is a false etymology; news simply refers to fresh or recent events.

4. Printed and Broadcast News: The first English-language newspaper appeared in the early 17th century. Over time, the meaning of news expanded to refer specifically to information disseminated via print, radio, television, and later, digital media.

So, the word news originally just meant "new things" but evolved into the concept of organized reporting over time.

Best bread in the world

BUTTER GARLIC NAAN

Indian food is making headlines again! This time, it's all about the bread. A super popular food guide called TasteAtlas just announced the “Top 100 Breads in the World", and butter garlic naan from India took the NUMBER ONE spot! Can you believe it? 

Amritsari kulcha

The number two spot was secured by another Indian bread - the Amritsari kulcha. Seven more Indian breads were in the top 50, like parotta, paratha, bhatura - so many delicious options. Breads from Türkiye, Malaysia, and Colombia also made the top 5, showing that there's awesome bread all over the world.

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WHY DO CATS AND DOGS HAVE WHISKERS?

Dogs and cats have whiskers (also called vibrissae) because they serve as highly sensitive sensory tools that help them navigate their environment. Here’s why they are important:

For Cats:

1. Enhanced Navigation – Whiskers detect air currents and help cats sense objects even in the dark.

2. Measuring Spaces – They help cats judge whether they can fit through tight spaces.

3. Protection – Whiskers detect potential dangers near their face, like sharp objects.

4. Communication and Mood Indicator – A cat's whisker position can signal emotions like curiosity or fear.

For Dogs:

1. Sensing the Environment – Whiskers help detect nearby objects and changes in airflow.

2. Protecting Their Face – They act as an early warning system to prevent bumps or injuries.

3. Enhancing Hunting and Play – Dogs use whiskers to detect small movements, especially useful for hunting breeds.

4. Emotional Expression – Whiskers move depending on the dog's mood, similar to cats.

In both animals, whiskers are deeply rooted in nerve endings, making them extremely sensitive. That’s why trimming or pulling them can be uncomfortable or even disorienting.

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WHY IS SUGAR WATER STICKY?

Sugar water is sticky because sugar molecules have a strong affinity for water molecules, forming hydrogen bonds between them. When sugar dissolves in water, the individual sugar molecules become surrounded by water molecules, creating a sticky solution. This stickiness arises from the cohesive forces between the water molecules and the adhesive forces between the water molecules and the sugar molecules. As a result, when sugar water comes into contact with surfaces, the adhesive forces cause it to cling to those surfaces, producing the sensation of stickiness. The more concentrated the sugar solution, the stickier it tends to be due to the increased number of sugar molecules available to form bonds with water molecules.

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WHY DOES HITTING EQUIPMENT SOMETIMES FIX IT?

This phenomenon is known as percussive maintenance. It temporarily works by restoring broken connections or loose contacts in electronic devices. A gentle tap can re-establish these connections momentarily, but the issue will likely return unless fixed properly, such as by soldering. For remote controls, corroded batteries are often the culprit, as oxidized metals block energy flow. Hitting may briefly improve contact, but replacing the batteries is the real solution. However, frequent or forceful hits can damage your device further, making it less reliable over time. 

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WHY ARE RAILWAY TRACKS ALWAYS LAID ON GRAVEL?

Ever noticed the rough gravel under railway tracks and wondered why it’s there? Well, it’s not just for looks! The gravel, called ballast, plays a crucial role in keeping the tracks stable. It evenly spreads the heavy weight of trains, preventing the tracks from sinking into the ground. It also helps with drainage, allowing rainwater to pass through so that the tracks don’t get damaged. Plus, it absorbs vibrations from moving trains, making rides smoother and reducing noise. Without gravel, tracks would shift, wear out faster, and become unsafe. So, next time you see a train zooming by, you’ll know the secret beneath its tracks!

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WHY DO WE SCRATCH WHEN A PART OF OUR BODY ITCHES?

We have all experienced itching at some point or the other in our lives. You may even feel this rather unpleasant sensation at the very moment. 

An itch, known also by its Latin name Pruritus, is a sensation to which your body wants you to respond with scratching. You may either feel an intense desire to scratch or simply have an involuntary reaction - a scratching reflex. 

Itch signals are received by the same part of the brain that receives pain signals. 

It is believed that about 5% of our pain nerves are preset to send itch signals. Itching is one of our defense mechanisms in many ways like tickling and pain itself. 

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WHY ARE CHOCOLATES PACKED IN METALLIC FOIL?

Chocolates are often packed in metallic foil for a couple of yummy reasons! First, the foil helps keep the chocolates fresh by protecting them from things like air and light that can make them go bad. Just like how you might put your favourite cookies in a jar to keep them tasty, chocolate needs a little wrapper to stay delicious. 

Second, the shiny foil makes the chocolate look extra special and fancy. It’s like giving the chocolates a shiny outfit! This makes them more appealing when you see them in the store or get them as a gift. Plus, the foil helps keep the chocolate from melting too quickly in your hands, so you can enjoy it without making a sticky mess. 

So, next time you unwrap chocolate with that crinkly sound, remember that the foil is like a superhero cape, protecting and presenting your sweet treat in the most delightful way!

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WHY DOESN'T  THE CHOCOLATE IN THE  CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIES MELT?

Chocolate melts when heated, but when you bake chocolate chip cookies, you don't end up with a gooey mess.

Why? Cooking chocolate tends to have less cocoa butter than eating chocolate, which raises the cooking chocolate's  melting temperature and makes it more difficult to melt. 

However, the chocolate will still melt in the oven. The chocolate chips in your cookies are simply held in shape by the surrounding cookie mixture. When the cookies cool, the chips solidify again, so it looks as if they never melted. 

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WHY DO OLD BATTERIES LEAK?

Batteries generate electricity through chemical reactions that move electrons between terminals. In alkaline batteries, a gel called potassium hydroxide conducts electricity. Over time, as the battery works, hydrogen gas builds up inside the sealed casing, increasing pressure. This can create tiny cracks in the metal, causing potassium hydroxide to leak.

When exposed to air, it reacts with carbon dioxide, forming a crust of potassium carbonate, which is harmless. However, potassium hydroxide itself can irritate the skin. To safely dispose the leaking batteries, place them in a plastic bag and take them to a recycling center. Proper disposal prevents environmental harm and keeps everyone safe.

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HOW LOUD IS A SUPERSONIC PLANE?

Supersonic planes, like the Concorde or modern supersonic jets, create a sonic boom while flying faster than the speed of sound (about 767 mph or 1,235 km/h). The sonic boom is a thunder-like noise resulting from shockwaves produced by the aircraft. The loudness of a supersonic plane depends on various factors, including altitude and distance from the flight path. At ground level, a sonic boom can reach around 120 decibels, similar to a thunderclap. However, advancements in aerodynamics aim to minimise these disturbances. Newer supersonic planes incorporate design features to lessen the intensity of sonic booms, considering environmental impact and comfort.

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HOW DO ANTS PREVENT WATER FROM ENTERING THE ANTHILL?

Have you ever noticed large mounds standing out in your backyard, even with water all around them? Did you know that's an anthill or the home of all the ants together? That's amazing, isn’t it?

Ants are known for their remarkable resilience and adaptability. They are quite adept at surviving the most challenging conditions. When caught in a heavy downpour, it can seem like they have no chance of survival. However, the crafty bugs are safe and dry in their subterranean home. 

The ant fortresses have a number of defence systems. The first is the anthill that sits right on top of the nest. The mounds are usually made with special kinds of dirt or sand that absorbs water and dries quickly. Water hitting the convex dirt tends to bead and run off the side. 

Ants tend to burrow at least a foot underground and have an intricate system of tunnels that work like storm-water drains. When heavy rain leads to rainwater entering the tunnel, it rarely penetrates that deep into the soil. The tunnels channel water away from the colony. 

With this clever tunnelling, ants also trap air in various chambers throughout the mound, and entrances to chambers come from below, preventing rainwater from coming in. 

Some ant species dig their anthills extremely deep. The deepest anthill on record belongs to the leafcutter ant, which can be as much as 26feet deep. While that's pretty extreme, many species of ants avoid heavy rain by hiding beneath it. 

Deepest leafcutter anthill