The Silent Guides of Our Journey

MILESTONES 

On every road we travel, small pillars stand quietly by the roadside. We often pass them without noticing, yet they constantly guide us. These are milestones — simple structures with powerful meaning. They not only tell us how far we have travelled but also how far we must go.

A milestone is more than just a stone marker. It is a symbol of direction, distance, progress, and achievement.

What Is a Milestone?

Traditionally, a milestone was a stone pillar placed along roads to indicate distance to a particular destination. The word itself comes from the practice of marking every mile on ancient roads.

Modern milestones are usually made of concrete and painted in bright colours for easy visibility. They typically display:

●Distance to the nearest town or city

●Route or highway number

●Directional information

These simple markers help drivers navigate safely and efficiently.

A Glimpse into History

The concept of milestones dates back to ancient civilisations. The Romans were among the first to systematically use them. The famous Milliarium Aureum, also known as the “Golden Milestone,” was erected in ancient Rome. It was considered the central point from which all distances in the Roman Empire were measured.

In India too, distance markers existed during ancient and medieval periods to guide traders, travellers, and armies. Over time, this evolved into the structured and colour-coded milestone system we see today.

Types of Milestones in India and Their Colours

In India, milestones follow a specific colour-coding system. The colour immediately tells you what type of road you are travelling on.

🟡 Yellow and White – National Highways

A milestone painted yellow with white lettering indicates a National Highway.

These highways connect major cities across states and are maintained by the National Highways Authority of India. National Highways are crucial for long-distance travel, trade, defence movement, and economic growth.

If you see yellow, you are on one of the country’s most important road networks.

🟢 Green and White – State Highways

A green background with white lettering represents a State Highway.

These roads connect important cities and districts within a particular state. They are maintained by the respective state governments and serve as major regional connectors.

⚫ Black, Blue or White – District and Local Roads

Milestones painted in black, blue, or white generally indicate district roads or local roads.

These roads connect smaller towns, villages, and rural areas. They are managed by local authorities such as district administrations or municipal bodies.

🟠 Orange – Rural Roads (PMGSY)

In some rural areas, you may find orange milestones, often marking roads built under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). These roads focus on improving connectivity between villages and nearby towns.

Why Milestones Are Important

Though small in size, milestones play a vital role:

●Navigation – They prevent confusion and guide travellers.

●Distance Awareness – They help estimate travel time.

●Safety – In case of emergencies, the location can be identified using milestone numbers.

●Administrative Clarity – The colour tells which authority maintains the road.

Without milestones, long journeys would be far more uncertain.

The Symbolic Meaning of “Milestone”

Beyond roads, the word “milestone” has taken on a deeper meaning in everyday life.

We use it to describe important achievements or turning points such as:

●Graduating from school

●Starting a new career

●Celebrating anniversaries

●Achieving a long-term goal

Just like roadside milestones measure physical distance, life milestones measure growth and progress.

A Lesson from Milestones

A milestone never moves, yet it guides thousands.

It does not rush, yet it reminds us that progress takes time.

It does not celebrate loudly, yet it marks important achievements.

Perhaps that is its quiet wisdom — every long journey is completed step by step.

Conclusion

Milestones are silent guardians of our roads and powerful symbols of progress in our lives. Whether standing beside a busy highway or marking an important achievement in our personal journey, they remind us of one simple truth:

Keep moving forward. Measure your progress. And cherish every milestone along the way.

From Konark to Mangalyaan

THE MAGNIFICENT MONUMENTS FEATURED ON INDIAN CURRENCY NOTES 

Indian currency is more than just a medium of exchange—it is a reflection of the nation’s rich history, architectural brilliance, and cultural diversity. Each banknote in the Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series carries the image of a significant monument or achievement, symbolising India’s glorious past and progressive future.

Let us explore the remarkable structures featured on Indian currency.

₹10 Note – Sun Temple, Konark

The ₹10 note showcases the magnificent Sun Temple in Odisha. Built in the 13th century, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is designed in the shape of a colossal chariot with intricately carved stone wheels and pillars. It stands as a masterpiece of ancient Indian architecture and devotion.

₹20 Note – Ellora Caves

The ₹20 note features the breathtaking Ellora Caves in Maharashtra. These rock-cut caves represent Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions coexisting harmoniously. The Kailasa Temple carved out of a single rock is a marvel of engineering and artistic excellence.

₹50 Note – Hampi

The ₹50 note depicts the historic ruins of Hampi, once the capital of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire. The landscape is dotted with temples, palaces, and market streets that narrate tales of grandeur and prosperity.

₹100 Note – Rani ki Vav

The ₹100 note presents Rani ki Vav, an intricately designed stepwell in Gujarat. Built in the 11th century, it is celebrated for its detailed sculptures and architectural brilliance. It reflects India’s ancient water management system and artistic sophistication.

₹200 Note – Sanchi Stupa

The ₹200 note features the serene Sanchi Stupa. Commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, it is one of the oldest stone structures in India and a symbol of peace and Buddhist heritage.

₹500 Note – Red Fort

The ₹500 note carries the image of the iconic Red Fort in Delhi. Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, it remains a powerful symbol of India’s sovereignty, where the Prime Minister hoists the national flag every Independence Day.

₹2000 Note – Mangalyaan

The ₹2000 note highlights Mangalyaan, India’s Mars Orbiter Mission. Unlike the other notes featuring historical monuments, this represents India’s scientific achievement and space exploration capabilities.

The Face of the Nation

All Indian banknotes prominently display the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, symbolising truth, non-violence, and the spirit of independence.

📌 Did You Know?

●The Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series of banknotes was introduced after demonetisation in 2016.

●The ₹200 note was introduced in 2017 to ease currency circulation between ₹100 and ₹500 denominations.

●The ₹2000 note, introduced in 2016, is currently being gradually withdrawn from circulation.

●Earlier currency notes featured monuments such as the Gateway of India in Mumbai.

●Each denomination has a unique colour theme to help people easily distinguish between notes.

●The Swachh Bharat logo and slogan are also printed on Indian currency notes as part of a national cleanliness campaign.

Indian currency is truly a cultural canvas—telling stories of devotion, art, architecture, peace, and scientific progress. The next time you hold a note, pause for a moment and appreciate the heritage it represents.

India’s First Underground Metro

KOLKATA METRO 

Long before metro networks expanded across Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru, Kolkata pioneered modern urban rail transport in India. The Kolkata Metro holds a special place in the country’s transportation history as India’s first metro railway and the first to run underground.

It is not just a mode of transport — it is a landmark in Indian engineering.

The Beginning of a Vision

The idea of a metro system for Kolkata emerged in the 1960s, when the city (then Calcutta) was facing severe traffic congestion and population pressure.

In 1972, the foundation stone for the metro project was laid. Construction began soon after, but it was far from easy. Engineers had to work through:

●Narrow and crowded streets

●Soft alluvial soil near the Hooghly River

●Old buildings and dense urban settlements

●Despite these challenges, the dream slowly took shape.

India’s First Underground Corridor

The first section of the metro became operational in 1984, making Kolkata the first Indian city to experience underground rail travel.

The original north–south corridor connected Dum Dum to Tollygunge (now Mahanayak Uttam Kumar). Large portions of this line were built underground, marking a significant engineering achievement for its time.

Tunneling in a city with waterlogged soil required innovative construction techniques. Much of the early tunneling was done using the “cut-and-cover” method, while later expansions used advanced tunnel boring machines.

Expansion and Modernisation 

Over the years, the Kolkata Metro has expanded into multiple lines. A major milestone was the East–West Metro corridor, which includes India’s first underwater metro tunnel beneath the Hooghly River.

This engineering marvel connects Howrah and Kolkata through a tunnel running below the riverbed — a historic achievement in Indian urban infrastructure.

Today, the network continues to grow, improving connectivity across the metropolitan region.

Why Kolkata Metro Is Special

🚇 First metro system in India

🏗️ Among the earliest underground rail projects in the country

🌊 Home to India’s first underwater metro tunnel

🚦 A major solution to urban traffic congestion

It set the foundation for metro systems later developed in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai.

Impact on the City

The metro has transformed daily life in Kolkata by:

●Reducing travel time

●Offering an affordable commuting option

●Cutting down road congestion

●Lowering pollution levels

For lakhs of commuters, the metro is part of everyday routine — reliable, efficient, and economical.

A Blend of Heritage and Modernity

Kolkata is often called the “City of Joy,” known for its colonial architecture, trams, and literary culture. The underground metro blends seamlessly with this heritage, symbolising how tradition and modern engineering can coexist.

From hand-dug tunnels in the 1970s to state-of-the-art river tunnels today, Kolkata’s underground metro tells a story of vision, perseverance, and progress.

Conclusion

The Kolkata Metro is more than a transport system — it is a milestone in India’s urban development journey. As India continues expanding its metro networks, Kolkata will always be remembered as the city that started it all.

Beneath its bustling streets runs not just a railway — but a legacy of innovation. 🚇

A Global Voice for Peace and Cooperation

🌍 THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)

The United Nations (UN) is one of the most important international organisations in the world. Established in 1945 after the devastation of the Second World War, the UN was created to promote peace, foster international cooperation, and prevent future conflicts. Today, it stands as a symbol of global unity, bringing nations together to solve problems that transcend borders.

📜 Why Was the UN Formed?

The horrors of World War II convinced world leaders that a strong international body was needed to maintain peace. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when 51 countries signed its founding charter in San Francisco.

It replaced the earlier League of Nations, which had failed to prevent global conflict.

Since then, UN Day has been celebrated every year on 24 October to mark its founding.

⏳ How Many Years Since the UN Was Founded?

The United Nations was founded on 24 October 1945.

As of 2026, it has completed 81 years since its establishment.

For over eight decades, the United Nations has played a central role in global diplomacy, peacekeeping, humanitarian aid, and sustainable development.

🏛 Administration of the United Nations

The administration of the United Nations is primarily handled by the Secretariat, one of its six principal organs.

👤 The Secretary-General

The Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General, who acts as:

●Chief administrative officer

●Diplomat and mediator

●Spokesperson of the UN

●Coordinator of UN operations worldwide

The current Secretary-General is António Guterres, who assumed office in 2017.

The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council and usually serves a five-year term.

🏢 The Secretariat

The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. Its responsibilities include:

●Organising international conferences and meetings

●Conducting research and preparing reports

●Managing peacekeeping operations

●Implementing decisions taken by the General ●Assembly and Security Council

●Overseeing humanitarian and development programmes 

The Secretariat employs thousands of international civil servants working across various UN offices worldwide, including the headquarters in New York City.

⚖ Administrative Structure

The UN administrative system includes:

●Under-Secretaries-General and Assistant Secretaries-General heading different departments

●Departments dedicated to political affairs, peace operations, economic development, legal matters, communications, and more

●Regional commissions and field missions operating in different parts of the world

The UN functions on principles of neutrality and international representation — its staff members serve the global community, not their individual countries.

🌍 A Global Administrative Network

With offices in cities like Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi, the UN administration operates across continents, coordinating programmes that impact millions of people.

For 81 years, the United Nations administration has worked as the engine behind global cooperation — quietly managing complex operations to promote peace, development, and human dignity worldwide. 

🏢 Headquarters and Membership

The UN headquarters is located in New York City, with additional major offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi.

Today, the UN has 193 member countries — almost every recognised nation in the world. Each member state has a voice in discussions and decision-making.

🏛 Main Organs of the UN

The UN has six principal organs:

●General Assembly – All member countries participate and have equal voting power.

●Security Council – Responsible for maintaining international peace and security.

●Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – Focuses on economic, social, and environmental issues.

●International Court of Justice (ICJ) – Settles legal disputes between countries.

●Secretariat – Carries out the day-to-day work of the UN.

●Trusteeship Council – Originally established to oversee trust territories (now inactive).

The Secretary-General, the chief administrative officer of the UN, leads the Secretariat and plays a key diplomatic role in world affairs.

🌱 Key Areas of Work

Over the decades, the UN has expanded its work beyond peacekeeping. Its major areas include:

🕊 Peacekeeping missions in conflict zones

🌍 Human rights protection

🌡 Climate action

👶 Child welfare and education

🏥 Global health

🍞 Poverty reduction

Several specialised agencies work under the UN system, including:

●World Health Organization (WHO)

●United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

●United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

●International Monetary Fund (IMF)

●World Bank

🎯 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

In 2015, the UN launched the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) — a global call to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all by 2030. These goals address issues such as clean water, gender equality, quality education, and climate action.

🇮🇳 India and the United Nations

India has been an active member of the UN since its founding in 1945. The country has contributed significantly to UN peacekeeping missions across the world and continues to advocate for global cooperation, sustainable development, and reform of the Security Council.

🌟 Why the UN Matters Today

In an interconnected world, challenges like climate change, pandemics, wars, and economic instability cannot be solved by one nation alone. The UN provides a platform where countries can discuss differences, negotiate solutions, and work together for the greater good.

Although it faces criticism and challenges, the United Nations remains humanity’s most ambitious effort to maintain international peace and build a better future for all.

✨ Did You Know?

●The UN flag features a world map surrounded by olive branches, symbolising peace.

●The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, Netherlands.

●The UN has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize multiple times (including its peacekeeping forces).

The United Nations stands as a reminder that despite differences in language, culture, and politics, nations can unite under a shared vision — a peaceful and sustainable world. 

A New Era in Governance

SEVA TEERTH, NEW DELHI 

On 13 February 2026, Narendra Modi formally inaugurated Seva Teerth, a modern government complex in New Delhi that marks a significant shift in India’s administrative architecture. 

🏛 What Is Seva Teerth?

Seva Teerth is the new headquarters of the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) and a consolidated hub for core executive functions, housing:

● The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)

● The National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS)

● The Cabinet Secretariat

All these previously operated from separate locations across the Central Vista area and the South Block, a colonial-era building that has served as the PMO since Independence. 

🗓 Historic Significance of the Day

The inauguration took place on 13 February 2026, which also coincides with 95 years since New Delhi was declared the nation’s capital in 1931—adding historical resonance to this administrative transition. 

🏗 A Shift from Colonial Legacy

The move from the century-old South Block to Seva Teerth represents more than a physical relocation. Government officials and the Prime Minister described the shift as a symbolic step away from colonial-era institutions toward a modern, citizen-centric governance ecosystem. 

Prime Minister Modi emphasised that Seva Teerth reflects the aspirations of India’s 140 crore people and embodies the ethos of service (“Seva”). 

🌟 Features of the Complex

Integrated and future-ready infrastructure: Designed to bring key executive offices under one roof for better coordination and efficiency. 

● Green and sustainable standards: Built to 4-Star GRIHA eco-friendly norms for environmental performance. 

● Citizen-centric focus: Includes centralised public interface zones and digitally integrated systems. 

● New address and identity: The motto “Nagrik Devo Bhava” (“citizen is akin to God”) is inscribed at the complex, symbolising a governance approach prioritising the people.

🪙 Commemorations

To mark the inauguration, the government released a ₹100 commemorative coin featuring Seva Teerth’s image and the inscription “Nagrik Devo Bhava.” 

📌 What Happens Now

With Seva Teerth now operational:

● The PMO has officially shifted from the iconic South Block. 

● South Block and related colonial buildings are expected to be repurposed as museum space—part of a broader cultural transformation. 

● The new complex is set to play a central role in how the Indian government functions going forward. 

● In essence, Seva Teerth marks a new chapter in India’s administrative evolution—one that blends modern infrastructure with a governance philosophy rooted in service to the people. 🇮🇳

When Trees Became a Symbol of Resistance

CHIPKO MOVEMENT 

The Chipko Movement was a historic environmental movement in India that showed the world how ordinary people could protect nature through peaceful action. The word “Chipko” comes from the Hindi word meaning “to hug” or “to cling”, symbolising the act of villagers hugging trees to prevent them from being cut down. What began in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh) in the 1970s grew into a powerful message of environmental conservation and people’s participation.

Background of the Movement

During the 1960s and early 1970s, large-scale commercial logging was carried out in the forests of the Himalayan region. While contractors and industries benefited from this deforestation, local villagers—especially farmers and women—suffered the consequences. Forests that provided fuel, fodder, food, and protection from floods and landslides were disappearing rapidly.

Repeated floods, soil erosion, and scarcity of basic resources made people realise that forest destruction was directly affecting their lives. When the government granted permission to a sports goods company to cut trees in the forests near villages, the locals decided to act.

How the Chipko Movement Began

The movement is believed to have begun in 1973 in Mandal village (present-day Uttarakhand). When loggers arrived to cut trees, villagers—led largely by women—embraced the trees and formed a human shield, refusing to move. Their peaceful resistance forced the contractors to retreat.

One of the most iconic moments came in 1974 in Reni village, where women led by Gaura Devi confronted the loggers. With courage and determination, they protected the forest by hugging the trees, declaring that the forest was like a mother to them.

Key Leaders and Contributors

Several individuals played important roles in spreading and strengthening the movement:

Sunderlal Bahuguna – An environmentalist who took the message of Chipko across India and beyond through padayatras (foot marches).

Chandi Prasad Bhatt – A Gandhian activist who helped organise local communities and emphasised sustainable use of forest resources.

Gaura Devi – A village woman whose leadership highlighted the crucial role of women in environmental protection.

Role of Women in the Chipko Movement

Women were at the heart of the Chipko Movement. Since they were the primary collectors of fuelwood, fodder, and water, they felt the impact of deforestation most strongly. Their participation showed that environmental protection is closely linked to everyday survival and social justice. The movement also became an early example of eco-feminism, highlighting the connection between women and nature.

Impact and Significance

● The Chipko Movement had far-reaching effects:

● It led to a 15-year ban on green felling in the Himalayan forests announced by the government in 1980.

● It brought environmental issues into national discussion.

● It inspired future movements focused on sustainable development and conservation.

● It showed the power of non-violent protest, echoing Gandhian principles.

Did You Know?

● The Chipko Movement is often called India’s first major environmental movement.

● Similar movements inspired by Chipko later emerged, such as the Appiko Movement in Karnataka.

● The movement emphasised that forests are not just sources of timber but life-support systems for communities.

Conclusion

The Chipko Movement stands as a powerful reminder that protecting nature is a collective responsibility. Through peaceful resistance, courage, and unity, ordinary villagers proved that development should never come at the cost of the environment. Even today, as the world faces climate change and ecological crises, the spirit of Chipko continues to inspire people to stand up for the planet—sometimes by simply holding on to what truly matters.

Building a Healthier Nation

FIT India Movement

The FIT India Movement is a nationwide initiative launched to encourage people to adopt a healthy and active lifestyle. Recognising that good health is the foundation of a strong nation, this movement aims to make fitness an integral part of daily life for every Indian.

Launch of the FIT India Movement: The FIT India Movement was launched on 29 August 2019 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on the occasion of National Sports Day, which marks the birth anniversary of hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand. The initiative highlights the importance of physical activity, balanced nutrition, and mental well-being.

Objectives of the Movement

The main goal of the FIT India Movement is to promote fitness as a way of life rather than a short-term activity. It encourages citizens to:

● Include physical exercise in their daily routine

● Reduce sedentary habits and screen time

● Follow healthy eating practices

● Improve mental health and overall well-being

Key Initiatives Under FIT India

Several programmes have been launched under the FIT India Movement to reach people of all age groups:

● Fit India School Programme: Encourages students to stay active through sports, yoga, and daily exercise

● Fit India Freedom Run: Promotes running and walking to celebrate fitness and freedom

● Fit India Cyclothon: Encourages cycling as an eco-friendly and healthy activity

● Yoga and traditional sports: Promotes India’s ancient wellness practices and indigenous games

Role of Schools and Communities: Schools play a vital role in spreading the message of fitness. Daily physical activities, yoga sessions, and sports competitions help children develop healthy habits from a young age. Community events, fitness challenges, and awareness campaigns also motivate people to participate actively.

FIT India and a Healthy Future: The movement addresses growing health concerns such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and stress, which are often linked to inactive lifestyles. By encouraging regular exercise and mindful living, FIT India aims to reduce lifestyle-related diseases and improve the quality of life of citizens.

Did You Know?

🏃 National Sports Day is celebrated on 29 August every year in India.

🧘 The FIT India Movement promotes yoga and traditional Indian sports alongside modern fitness activities.

🇮🇳 The initiative encourages citizens to take a FIT India pledge to stay active and healthy.

Conclusion: The FIT India Movement is more than a government initiative—it is a call for every Indian to take responsibility for their health. By adopting simple habits like walking, exercising, eating well, and staying active, citizens can contribute to building a fitter, healthier, and stronger India.

India’s Digital Payment Revolution

UNIFIED PAYMENTS INTERFACE (UPI)

India’s Unified Payments Interface, popularly known as UPI, has transformed the way people send and receive money. What began as a simple idea to make digital payments easier has today become a global benchmark for fast, secure, and inclusive payment systems.

UPI: The World’s Largest Fast-Pay System

In its 2025 report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) officially recognised India’s UPI as the world’s largest retail real-time payment system. According to the report, UPI processes around 129.3 billion real-time transactions annually, accounting for nearly 49% of all real-time digital payments across the globe.

This remarkable achievement places India ahead of countries like Brazil, Thailand, China, and South Korea in the use of instant payment platforms.

How UPI Changed Everyday Payments

UPI allows users to transfer money instantly using a mobile phone, without needing bank account numbers or IFSC codes. A simple UPI ID or QR code is enough to complete a transaction within seconds.

Today, UPI is used for:

● Paying at local shops and supermarkets

● Shopping on apps and online platforms

● Booking transport and travel

● Paying electricity, water, and gas bills

● Accessing government services and subsidies

From street vendors to large malls, UPI has become a part of daily life for millions of Indians.

A Boost to Financial Inclusion

One of UPI’s biggest successes is how it has brought digital payments to people across cities, towns, and villages. With just a smartphone and a bank account, anyone can use UPI. This has helped small businesses, farmers, and self-employed workers become part of the formal digital economy.

UPI Goes Global

UPI’s success is no longer limited to India. The platform is now accepted in several countries, allowing Indian travellers to pay abroad using the same apps they use at home.

Did You Know?

🇮🇳 UPI is accepted in countries like Singapore, Bhutan, and the UAE, making international payments simple for Indian travellers.

📱 UPI works 24/7, even on bank holidays.

💡 It was launched in 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).

🌍 Many countries are studying UPI as a model to build their own digital payment systems.

The Future of UPI

With features like UPI Lite, credit on UPI, and cross-border payments, the system continues to evolve. As India moves toward a cash-light economy, UPI stands as a powerful example of how technology can make everyday life simpler, faster, and more connected.

Largest national park in India

HEMIS NATIONAL PARK, LADAKH 

India’s largest national park, Hemis National Park, spans an expansive area of approximately 4,400 square kilometres. Located in the rugged mountains of Ladakh, at the northernmost edge of India, the park is renowned for its dramatic and starkly beautiful landscapes, ranging from alpine meadows and river valleys to barren, rocky mountains.

Hemis National Park is one of the few places in the world where the elusive snow leopard—an endangered species often referred to as the “Ghost of the Mountains”—can be spotted in its natural habitat. This remarkable animal earns its nickname due to its exceptional ability to camouflage itself within the snowy and rocky terrain of high-altitude regions.

The park derives its name from the famous Hemis Monastery, a 17th-century Tibetan Buddhist monastery located near its northwestern boundary. This monastery is one of the largest and wealthiest in Ladakh and is an important centre of Buddhist culture and learning.

Hemis National Park is the largest protected area in the Indian Himalayas and has been designated as a Snow Leopard Reserve under Project Snow Leopard, a flagship conservation programme launched by the Government of India to protect snow leopards and their fragile high-altitude ecosystems.

Historically, the region was inhabited by small communities of peasants and nomadic herders living in scattered villages. In 1981, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir officially declared the area a national park, initially covering only 600 square kilometres. Over the years, successive expansions increased its size to the present extent, making it not only the largest national park in India but also the largest in South Asia.

Hemis National Park represents the Trans-Himalayan ecosystem, characterised by sparse human population, extreme climatic conditions, and rugged terrain. The landscape is marked by deep gorges, steep cliffs, and broken slopes. Being located in the rain-shadow region of the Himalayas, the area receives minimal rainfall. Consequently, vegetation is limited and mainly consists of dry alpine and subalpine forests, including juniper, willow, dry birch, and fir at lower elevations.

Despite the harsh environment, the park supports a rich variety of wildlife. Apart from the snow leopard, notable mammals found here include the Himalayan blue sheep (bharal), the Eurasian lynx, the Tibetan wolf, the Ladakhi urial, and the Himalayan marmot.

Hemis National Park is also a haven for birdlife. It hosts high-altitude birds of prey such as the golden eagle, bearded vulture, Himalayan griffon vulture, and Eurasian eagle-owl, along with several wintering songbirds and ground-dwelling species like the Tibetan snowcock and chukar partridge.

Today, with its well-known trekking and hiking routes, Hemis National Park has emerged as a popular destination for eco-tourism and Himalayan trekking, attracting wildlife enthusiasts, nature lovers, and adventure seekers from across the world.

Did You Know?

🔹 Hemis National Park is larger than some Indian states, such as Goa and Sikkim, in terms of protected wilderness area.

🔹 The snow leopard cannot roar; instead, it communicates through hissing, growling, and a distinctive “chuffing” sound.

🔹 The park lies at an altitude ranging from 3,300 metres to over 6,000 metres, making it one of the highest national parks in the world.

🔹 Hemis Monastery hosts the famous Hemis Festival every year, celebrating the birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava with masked dances and rituals.

🔹 The region’s extreme cold allows many animals to survive with thick fur and wide paws, which act like natural snowshoes.

🔹 Due to low human disturbance, Hemis National Park is considered one of the best natural laboratories for studying high-altitude wildlife and climate adaptation.

Honouring India’s Bravest

PARAM VIR CHAKRA HEROES AT RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN 

India’s journey from colonial rule to a proud, sovereign nation is reflected not only in its Constitution and institutions, but also in the symbols it chooses to honour. In a historic and symbolic move, portraits of British-era officers displayed at Rashtrapati Bhavan have been removed and replaced with portraits of Indian soldiers awarded the Param Vir Chakra, the nation’s highest military gallantry award.

This significant change pays tribute to the supreme courage and sacrifice of India’s bravest soldiers and marks a conscious shift from colonial remembrance to national pride.

The Param Vir Dirgha at Rashtrapati Bhavan: On 16 December (Vijay Diwas), the Param Vir Dirgha, a dedicated gallery honouring India’s highest gallantry awardees, was inaugurated at Rashtrapati Bhavan. The gallery displays the portraits of all 21 recipients of the Param Vir Chakra.

Earlier, certain corridors featured portraits of British Aides-de-Camp from the colonial period. Their replacement with portraits of Indian war heroes symbolises India’s resolve to honour its own legacy of bravery, sacrifice, and patriotism.

About the Param Vir Chakra: The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India’s highest military decoration, awarded for most conspicuous bravery or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy. Instituted in 1950, it has been awarded only 21 times, underscoring the extraordinary courage required to earn it.

A majority of these awards were conferred posthumously, reflecting the supreme sacrifice made by the soldiers in the service of the nation.

Param Vir Chakra Awardees:

Major Somnath Sharma (Posthumous) – India’s first PVC awardee; fought heroically in the 1947 Kashmir war.

Naik Jadunath Singh (Posthumous) – Repulsed repeated enemy attacks despite serious injuries.

2nd Lt Rama Raghoba Rane – Cleared enemy minefields under heavy fire to enable troop movement.

Company Havildar Major Piru Singh (Posthumous) – Destroyed enemy bunkers single-handedly before martyrdom.

Lance Naik Karam Singh – Held his post against repeated enemy attacks despite being wounded.

Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria (Posthumous) – Led a fearless charge during the UN mission in Congo.

Major Dhan Singh Thapa – Fought gallantly against overwhelming odds and endured captivity.

Subedar Joginder Singh (Posthumous) – Continued fighting the enemy despite severe injuries until his last breath.

Major Shaitan Singh (Posthumous) – Defended a high-altitude post in Ladakh, leading from the front.

Lt Col Ardeshir Burzorji Tarapore (Posthumous) – Led armoured regiments and destroyed several enemy tanks.

CQMH Abdul Hamid (Posthumous) – Destroyed multiple enemy tanks during the 1965 war.

Lance Naik Albert Ekka (Posthumous) – Neutralised enemy bunkers in the 1971 war and sacrificed his life.

Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon (Posthumous) – Defended Srinagar airbase alone; the only Indian Air Force PVC recipient.

Major Hoshiar Singh Dahiya – Captured enemy posts despite being seriously wounded.

2nd Lt Arun Khetarpal (Posthumous) – Destroyed enemy tanks and refused evacuation before martyrdom.

Naib Subedar Bana Singh – Led a daring assault to capture a strategic peak in the Siachen Glacier.

Major Ramaswamy Parameswaran (Posthumous) – Continued commanding his unit even after being fatally wounded.

Lt Manoj Kumar Pandey (Posthumous) – Cleared enemy bunkers during the Kargil War despite fatal injuries.

Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav – Scaled a near-vertical cliff under intense enemy fire during Kargil.

Rifleman Sanjay Kumar – Captured key enemy positions single-handedly in the Kargil conflict.

Captain Vikram Batra (Posthumous) – Led fearless assaults in Kargil and became a symbol of unmatched courage.

A Lasting Inspiration:

The Param Vir Dirgha at Rashtrapati Bhavan stands as a powerful reminder that the freedom and security of the nation rest on the sacrifices of its soldiers. By replacing colonial-era portraits with those of India’s bravest warriors, the nation honours its true heroes and ensures that their legacy continues to inspire future generations.

The World’s Largest Free Encyclopedia

WIKIPEDIA 

In the era of the internet, when information travels faster than ever, one platform has become synonymous with learning, research, and curiosity — Wikipedia. Whether it is a school project, general knowledge research, or a quick look-up about a historical figure, Wikipedia is the first destination for millions worldwide. But what exactly is Wikipedia? How did it start? Who founded it? Let’s explore the fascinating story behind this giant of information.

What Is Wikipedia?

Wikipedia is a free, online, multilingual encyclopedia that anyone can read — and almost anyone can edit. It contains millions of articles that cover virtually every topic on Earth: science, history, geography, arts, sports, culture, current events, biographies, and more.

The purpose of Wikipedia is simple yet powerful:

to make knowledge freely available to every person on the planet.

The name “Wikipedia” is formed from:

Wiki – a website where users can collaboratively edit content

Encyclopedia – a reference book covering all branches of knowledge

Thus, Wikipedia is a collaborative encyclopedia built “by the people, for the people.”

How Is Wikipedia Created?

One of Wikipedia’s most unique features is that it is written and maintained by volunteers from across the world — students, teachers, experts, hobbyists, and everyday readers who share an interest in knowledge.

These volunteers, known as Wikipedians, write new articles, update facts, correct mistakes, add references, translate content, and monitor accuracy.

Because of this collective effort, Wikipedia is constantly growing and improving.

Why Is Wikipedia Free?

Wikipedia is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, a charitable, non-profit organisation.

It accepts no advertisements and no subscription fees. The entire platform functions through donations from users who believe in open, accessible education.

This makes Wikipedia one of the most democratic and inclusive sources of knowledge ever created.

History of Wikipedia

Before Wikipedia, the founders began an online encyclopedia called Nupedia in 2000.

Nupedia articles were written by scholars and passed through a lengthy expert-review process. Although high in quality, the process was slow — only a few articles were completed.

To speed up the creation of content, the founders launched a new idea in 2001: an encyclopedia that anyone could contribute to instantly. This new platform was named Wikipedia.

Wikipedia grew so fast that it soon overtook Nupedia entirely. By 2003, Wikipedia had become one of the fastest-growing repositories of knowledge in history.

Founders of Wikipedia

Wikipedia was founded by two Americans:

1. Jimmy Wales

Internet entrepreneur

Strong advocate of free and open knowledge

Considered the "public face" of Wikipedia

Co-founded the Wikimedia Foundation

Jimmy Wales believes that information should be accessible to everyone, regardless of background or financial conditions.

2. Larry Sanger

Philosopher and project developer

Co-founded Wikipedia and helped design its early guidelines

Came up with the name “Wikipedia”

Suggested using a “wiki” model so people could edit collaboratively

Together, Wales and Sanger built the foundation for a platform that would change global learning forever.

Why Wikipedia Became a Global Success

Wikipedia succeeded because it combined several revolutionary ideas:

Anyone can edit: Knowledge is not locked behind experts alone.

Free to access: Every reader is equal.

Neutral point of view: Articles must remain unbiased.

References required: All information must come from reliable sources.

Constant updating: Volunteers keep information current, often faster than news sites.

Today, Wikipedia exists in more than 300 languages and contains over 60 million articles, making it the largest encyclopedia ever created.

How Students and Teachers Can Use Wikipedia Wisely

Begin research with Wikipedia to gain a clear overview.

Use the references at the bottom for deeper study.

Explore linked topics for broader understanding.

Use images and diagrams with proper credits.

Always cross-check important facts with reliable sources.

Wikipedia is an excellent starting point for learning — not the final destination.

Conclusion: Wikipedia stands as a powerful symbol of collective learning. It proves that when people come together to share knowledge, they can build something extraordinary. What began as a small experiment in 2001 has grown into a global treasure — a living library that never closes, never stops updating, and never stops teaching.

Whether you are a student, teacher, researcher, or curious reader, Wikipedia opens a door to endless learning, completely free of cost.

Do You Know?

● Wikipedia was launched on 15 January 2001.

● It has over 60 million articles worldwide.

● The English version alone has more than 6.8 million articles.

● It is among the top 10 most visited websites in the world.

● Anyone can edit Wikipedia — but all edits are monitored.

● The content is available under Creative Commons license, meaning it can be reused with proper attribution.

● The word wiki comes from the Hawaiian word “quick.”