Trains or trailers of the animal kingdom

 CENTIPEDE AND MILLIPEDE

Trains or trailers of the animal kingdom, centipedes and millipedes, both belonging to the class Myriapoda, are arthropods with fascinating mechanisms.

Despite their similar segmented bodies and numerous legs, these two creatures exhibit distinct styles of movement, driven by their differing anatomies and evolutionary adaptations. Understanding how centipedes and millipedes move provides insight into the complexities of their behaviour, ecology, and evolutionary history.

A 'hundred' legs: With their flat bodies and typically fewer legs (ranging from 15 to 191 pairs), centipedes are fast, agile predators. Their locomotion is characterised by a smooth, sinuous, and coordinated movement, which allows them to navigate quickly through their environments, usually in search of prey. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, and their movement is primarily powered by alternating waves of leg movements.

The key to centipede locomotion is the coordination of their legs. When a centipede moves, the legs on one side of the body move in a synchronised fashion, followed by the legs on the opposite side. This creates a wave-like movement that propels the centipede forward. The legs move in a complex, sinusoidal pattern that provides stability and speed.

Each segment of the centipede's body is highly flexible, allowing it to bend and twist as it moves, helping it navigate through tight spaces, such as cracks and under debris.

Centipedes rely on their speed and agility to capture prey, typically small insects and other invertebrates. The rapid, coordinated movement is enhanced by the centipede's specialised legs in the front, which are modified into venomous fangs that immobilise their prey.

Power in a 'million': In contrast to centipedes, millipedes have cylindrical bodies and typically more legs, with some species having up to 400 pairs, which are spread across a greater number of body segments, with two pairs of legs per segment. This anatomy results in a different style of movement compared to centipedes. Millipedes are slower movers, and their primary defence mechanism is not speed, but rather their ability to secrete toxic fluids to deter predators. Millipede locomotion involves a more deliberate, wave-like pattern, but with a distinct rhythm due to their two pairs of legs per segment.

As they move, the pairs of legs on one side of their body alternate with the corresponding pairs on the opposite side. This coordinated movement generates a smooth, undulating motion that helps millipedes crawl along the ground. Unlike centipedes, millipedes do not rely on flexibility to the same degree.

Instead, their cylindrical bodies roll in a way that allows the legs to move in a synchronised, coordinated fashion, propelling the millipede slowly forward.

This slower, more methodical movement is suited to the millipede's herbivorous diet, as they typically feed on decaying plant material and detritus, moving through leaf litter and soil in search of food. Their legs, though numerous, are not designed for rapid bursts of speed, but instead for providing a stable, efficient movement across the substrate.

Evolutionary adaptations: The contrasting locomotion strategies of centipedes and millipedes reflect their evolutionary niches. Centipedes are evolved to be fast and efficient predators, with their quick, coordinated leg movements aiding in capturing prey. Millipedes, on the other hand, are adapted for slower, deliberate movements, which are more suited to their role as decomposers.

Over millions of years, both creatures have evolved intricate ways of using their many legs to navigate through their environments, but the differences in their locomotion highlight the diverse strategies that arthropods use to survive and thrive in their respective habitats. There are nearly 3,000 known species of centipedes, and over 12,000 millipede species, making both creatures evolutionary success stories.

First woman Prime Minister in the world

SIRIMAVO BANDARNAIKE

Sirimavo Bandarnaike became the first woman Prime Minister in the world, when she was chosen to head the government of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1960, following the assassination of her husband. 

Sirimavo Bandarnaike was born in 1916, to an aristocratic family. She was married to Solomon Bandarnaike in 1940 when he was a minister in the government of Ceylon, then a British colony. Solomon Bandarnaike became the Prime Minister of Ceylon in 1956. In the same year, he was assassinated. Then, Sirimavo Bandarnaike became the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. And, in July 1960, she became the first woman Prime Minister in the world. Her party lost the 1965 elections. 

Sirimavo Bandarnaike was back as the Prime Minister in 1970 elections. Her second term was difficult, with a rebellion in 1971, as well as the establishment of a new republican constitution in 1972. She was deprived of her civil rights in 1980. In 1994, she was re-elected as Prime Minister. Her daughter, Chandrika Kumaratunga, who was also briefly Prime Minister in 1994, later became the President. 

Do you know

WHY DO MEDICINES COME IN DIFFERENT FORM?

Medicine is given in different forms because of the necessity for convenience or speed. It can be given by mouth (orally) in the form of tablets, capsules or draughts. It can be inhaled in the form of gases, fine aerosols, or very rarely, exceedingly fine powder. Injections of medicines are given subcutaneously (beneath the skin), intramuscularly or intravenously. Sometimes solid implants in the form of tablets may be placed subcutaneously. Injections may also be given in the spine or brain. 

Medicines can be given through the rectum as solids or enemas. Finally, they are solutions, powders, creams and ointments which are placed locally on the skin. 

Convenient medicines are those which can be taken or administered easily by the patient himself. Oral medicines and inhalation are convenient and a great deal of research is carried out to make these more palatable. 

Manufacturers prefer oral preparations because they can be attractively coloured and flavoured and made impressively mysterious in size and shape. They can also be code-stamped or named for identification. Injections have to be sterile and kept in appropriate containers and are therefore relatively expensive. 

A steadfast companion in humanity's journey of self-expression and discovery

PEN 

Few tools have wielded as much influence as the humble pen. From its ancient origins to its modern iterations, the pen has been an indispensable instrument of communication, creativity, and cultural expression. 

Let us explore its rich history, significance, and enduring relevance in an ever-changing world.

The story of the pen begins at the dawn of civilization, where early humans sought to record thoughts, transactions, and stories. 

In ancient Mesopotamia, around 3200 BCE, cuneiform writing emerged on clay tablets, inscribed with reed or bone styluses. These rudimentary tools laid the foundation for more sophisticated instruments, capturing day-today records and marking the beginning of written culture.

As civilizations flourished, the need for better writing tools grew. 

The ancient Egyptians refined writing with papyrus scrolls and reed pens, enabling smoother, more legible writing and pre-serving religious texts, legal documents, and creative works. Meanwhile, in China, brushes made of animal hair or plant fibres yielded elegant calligraphy, demonstrating how writing could transcend functionality into artistic expression.

The Renaissance, a period of cultural and intellectual revival, spurred advancements in writing instruments. 

The metal-nibbed pen, introduced in the 19th century, replaced quills and reeds, offering durability and precision. This innovation allowed writers to produce finer, consistent scripts and reduced wear on tools, reflecting the era’s demand for craftsmanship and reliability.

The 19th century also brought the fountain pen, a groundbreaking invention patented by Lewis Waterman in 1884. 

With its continuous ink supply through a reservoir system, the fountain pen eliminated the need for dipping and blotting. This made writing more convenient and accessible, paving the way for mass literacy and correspondence. 

Its elegance and efficiency cemented its place as a staple for decades.

The mid-20th century saw the advent of the ballpoint pen. In 1938, Hungarian journalist LászlóBíró patented the first commercially successful model. Its tiny rotating ball dispensed ink smoothly and consistently, offering a portable, mess-free alternative to fountain pens. 

Affordable and practical, it democratised writing for people worldwide and became a global phenomenon.

In today’s digital age, some predict the pen's obsolescence due to keyboards, touchscreens, and voice recognition. Yet, the pen endures as a cherished tool for personal expression and creativity. Stylus pens for tablets and smartphones demonstrate the pen's adaptability in a tech-driven world, ensuring its continued relevance. 

Beyond its practical uses, the pen symbolises literacy, education, and the power of ideas. From signing historic documents to penning heartfelt letters, writing with a pen connects us to our past, present, and future selves. Its tactile nature fosters intimacy and mindfulness, qualities often absent in digital tools.

In conclusion, the pen's history reflects human ingenuity and the enduring power of written communication. 

From ancient Mesopotamia to modern innovations, the pen has been a steadfast companion in humanity's journey of self-expression and discovery. As we embrace technology, let us remember the timeless significance of the pen as a tool for creativity, connection, and cultural continuity.

Lessons we learn from Panchatantra

BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT

 

Once, a group of blind men heard that an elephant had been brought to their town. Curious, they decided to learn what an elephant was like by feeling it. Each man approached the animal from a different side. 

The first man touched the elephant’s leg and said, “An elephant is like a pillar, solid and sturdy.”

The second man felt the trunk and declared, “No, an elephant is like a thick, twisting snake.”

The third man, feeling the ear, said, “You are both wrong. An elephant is like a large fan, soft and fluttering.” 

The fourth man, touching the tusk, insisted, “An elephant is sharp and pointy, like a spear.” 

Each man argued, convinced that their perception was the truth. But they couldn’t understand how the elephant could be all these things at once. 

A wise passerby overheard and said, “Each of you is partly right, but none of you is fully correct. The elephant is not just one of these things; it is all of them combined.”

Moral: Our perceptions are limited by our experiences. True understanding requires seeing the whole picture, not just a part of it. To succeed, it’s crucial to acknowledge diverse viewpoints.

Cornerstone of India’s Republic Day celebrations

REPUBLIC DAY TABLEAUX

Tableau of Goa at Republic Day parade 2025

The tradition of showcasing tableaux during the Republic Day parade began in 1950, the same year India became a republic. These creative and colorful displays were introduced to represent the cultural, historical, and socio-economic diversity of the country. Over the years, the tableaux have become a significant part of the parade, narrating India’s rich heritage and modern achievements. Initially, the focus was primarily on cultural and historical themes, but with time, the scope has expanded to include technological advancements, environmental awareness and social progress. Each tableau serves as a visual story reflecting the essence of India.

Significance Of Cultural representation: Each tableau highlights the traditions, art, and culture of a specific state, union territory, or ministry, showcasing India’s diversity. 

National pride: The tableaux serve as a platform to celebrate India’s achievements and innovations in science, technology and governance. 

Unity in diversity: By representing different regions and themes, the tableaux symbolise India’s unity amidst its vast cultural and geographical diversity. 

Global display: As the parade is broadcast worldwide, the tableaux are an opportunity to project India’s heritage, accomplishments and aspirations on an international stage.

Selection process Call for proposals: The Ministry of Defence invites proposals from states, union territories, and central government ministries/departments. The proposals are based on themes related to India’s culture, heritage, development, or significant achievements. 

Theme alignment: The Ministry suggests broad themes each year, such as freedom fighters, environmental conservation, or government. For instance, the theme of 2025 is “Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas” (Golden India: Legacy and Progress). Participants align their concepts with these themes. 

Submission of designs: Participants submit detailed sketches, models, or digital presentations of their proposed tableau. These include explanations of the design, theme, and how the concept aligns with the overall theme of the Republic Day parade. 

Expert evaluation: A panel of experts—comprising eminent designers, architects and cultural experts, artists and officials from the Ministry of Defence reviews the submissions. 

The evaluation focuses on:

- Relevance to the theme. 

 - Aesthetic and creative appeal. 

 - Technical feasibility of the design. 

Shortlisting and modifications: A shortlist of designs is prepared and participants may be asked to make modifications to refine their concept or meet technical specifications.

Final approval:  Once the modifications are made, the final list of tableaux is approved. The selected participants are informed to begin the construction of their full-scale tableaux.

Construction and rehearsal: The approved tableaux are constructed and undergo rehearsals to ensure they meet the required standards and fit seamlessly into the parade. Each tableau is mounted on a motorised vehicle or platform, ensuring smooth movement during the parade. 

The tableaux are a cornerstone of India’s Republic Day celebrations, providing a vibrant, dynamic representation of the nation’s spirit and achievements.

Converting power into motion

ENGINES 

Watt Steam Engine 

Engines are machines that are used to change any form of energy into mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy that moves an object. The different types of energy sources are potential energy, heat energy, electrical energy, chemical energy and nuclear energy. 

Steam Engine 

Steam Engines: The first steam engines were developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1731. They were the 'atmospheric' design, which means that atmospheric pressure at the top of the piston pushed it down, lifting the work object. During the Industrial Revolution, the Watt steam engine was developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775 by James Watt and Matthew Boulton. It was the first steam engine to use steam at a pressure just above atmospheric pressure to move the piston. This enabled the development of semi-automated factories in places where waterpower was not available. Development later also led to steam locomotives and the expansion of railway transportation. 

Industrial Steam Engine

Electric Motors: Electric Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. These motors work through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire to generate force, which is applied on the motor. They are used in Industrial fans, blowers, pumps, vehicles and household appliances. 

Autoutomobile engine 

Automobiles: Karl Benz developed the first commercially successful automobile. His Benz Patent Motorcar in 1885 is considered the first practical automobile and the first car put into serious production. This automobile had wire wheels with a four-stroke engine of his own design, a very advanced coil ignition and an evaporative cooling system. In 1896, Benz was granted a patent for his design of the first flat engine with horizontally opposing pistons. The pistons moved in horizontal cylinders and reached the top centre simultaneously balancing each other with respect to momentum. This design was used in the Volkswagen Beetle, Citroën 2CV cars, some Porsche cars and Subaru cars.

External Combustion Engine: An external combustion engine is a type of heat engine where the internal working fluid is heated by combustion of an external source through a wall or heat exchanger. The fluid expands and acts on the mechanism of the engine to produce motion and usable work. The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused or dumped. 

Internal Combustion Engines: Internal Combustion Engines are a type of heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs with an oxidiser like air in a combustion chamber. This type of engine is used in vehicles. In such engines, fuel, which is a form of chemical energy, is burned. This generates heat, which causes the gases to expand and push down on the pistons in the engine, doing work. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Etienne Lenoir in 1860 and the first modern internal combustion engine was developed by Nicolaus Otto in 1876.

There are many types of internal combustion engines. They can be grouped in terms of fuel, cycle and configuration. They are typically powered by fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum derivatives like gasoline, diesel or fuel oil. 

There are three different types of cycles. 

● Two-stroke engines produce power once for every turn of the engine. 

● Four-stroke engine cylinders produce power once for every two turns of the engine. 

● Six-stroke engine cylinders produce power once for every six turns of the engine. 

Cylinders are made of pistons and crankshaft. Any number of cylinders can be used and arranged in many configurations like a straight line, at an angle or in a circle. 

Engines in India: Cooper Corporation was the first company to manufacture diesel engines in India. Some of the best engines made in India include the Nissan 1.3-litre Turbo-Petrol, Mahindra's 1.2-litre Turbo-Petrol (mStallion) and Mahindra's 1.5-litre Turbo-Diesel. 

The magnetic marvel

FERROFLUID 

In the realm of cool and mind-bending science, there’s a substance that’s capturing the imagination of scientists and enthusiasts alike --- ferrofluid. It sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie, but this magnetic marvel is very real and has some amazing properties that make it a star in the world of material science. 

What is ferrofluid?

Ferrofluid is a special liquid that behaves in a way that seems almost magical. It’s made up of tiny magnetic particles --- usually iron compounds that are super tiny, just 10 nanometres in size --- mixed in a carrier fluid, often oil. What's really cool about ferrofluid is that it can respond to magnetic fields without clumping together. 

Unlike regular magnets, ferrofluid isn’t magnetic on its own. It becomes magnetized only when exposed to a magnetic field, transforming itself from a smooth liquid to a spiky, hedgehog-like form. When you bring a magnet close to ferrofluid, it comes to life, forming dynamic, spiky shapes that seem to dance to an invisible magnetic tune. 

The magic of ferrofluid lies in the balance between magnetism and liquid properties. The tiny iron particles are so small that they remain suspended in the liquid, thanks to Brownian motion, which is the random movement of particles in a fluid. When a magnet is brought near, these tiny magnets align with the magnetic field, creating those mesmerising spikes and patterns. 

Ferrofluid isn’t just for fancy science experiments. It actually has some practical uses in different industries:

● It is used in speakers to cool down the voice coils and prevent overheating, ensuring they don't overheat during use.

● Researchers have even built speakers filled with ferrofluid that generates sound by vibrating the particles with electromagnetic coils. This allows for unique sound effects and spatial audio experiences. 

● It finds applications in creating leak-proof seals for machinery that adjusts based on the magnetic field. This prevents dust and debris from entering delicate machinery. 

● NASA explored using ferrofluid to control fuel movement in spacecraft during microgravity conditions, though this application hasn't yet reached space. 

● There’s ongoing research for using ferrofluid in targeted drug delivery to specific areas in the body to improve treatment accuracy and minimise side effects. 

● Ferrofluids can also be found in hard drives. 

● Besides its scientific uses, ferrofluid has become a star in art and entertainment. Artists use it to craft mesmerising sculpture and interactive displays that respond to magnets. You can find ferrofluid displays in science museums, art installations and even in certain electronic gadgets. 

In the end, ferrofluid shows how science can blend with creativity. While you might not be working with ferrofluid in everyday classes, who knows  --- maybe one day you'll find yourself creating the next generation of ferrofluid art or contributing to its innovative applications. The world of science is full of surprises, and ferrofluid is a shining example of how fascinating it can be!

History

WHY IS THE RED FORT AT DELHI SELECTED FOR THE INDEPENDENCE CEREMONY?

The Red Fort built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan was the seat of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor, when he was declared the Emperor of Hindustan during the 1857 uprising against the British. 

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, head of the exiled Azad Hind Sena, wished to hoist the flag of free India from the Red Fort. 

It was therefore, in a symbolic meeting of past on the ramparts of the Red Fort, that on 15th August, 1947, India ushered in a new dawn and the promise of a new beginning. 

Gypsum crystal

DESERT ROSE

The desert rose is neither soft nor fragrant. In fact, it is not a flower at all but a gypsum crystal. Do you know what gypsum is? It is a mineral used in the creation of concrete, sheet-rock and plaster of paris. In the desert, gypsum crystals are found in sand dunes. The grains of sand interfere with the growth of crystals and the result is that the crystals are formed in the shape of petals. Desert Rose gypsum is found in many locations around the world and specimens found in different places can look radically different, but all of them are without doubt delicate beauties born of the earth. 

Strange grief ritual

FINGER AMPUTATION

Have you ever been so overcome with grief that you just need to cut off a piece of your finger? Hopefully not. But for the people of Dani Tribe, finger cutting is a typical mourning practice. 

Located in a remote area of Papua, New Guinea, the Dani are deeply attached to their customs --- even the ones that encourage detachment of body parts. When someone dies, the tribe will cut off a portion of every woman's finger who was close to the deceased. The more loss a woman experiences, the more she loses of herself, literally.

Before being amputated, the fingers are tied with a string for thirty minutes to numb them. Once amputated, the new fingertips are burned to create new scar tissue. Though now banned by the government, this custom, one of the world's most bizarre cultural practices, is still occasionally practiced by the tribe from time to time. It is a ritual performed to satisfy the ancestral ghosts and has been going on for many generations.

Though mostly applicable to older women, the practice sometimes goes down all the way to baby females who have the tips of their fingers bitten off in a similar ritual.

Pole used for communication

TOTEM POLE

Totem poles are large wooden poles that are beautifully carved with many symbols. The totem pole of the Red Indians, provided a means of communicating their stories, myths and legends. They were generally carved from giant trees and were made up of an arrangement of symbols. The symbols on the totem pole told a story or recalled an event. These messages and stories tell a lot about the Red Indians and their culture. 

Some poles were erected to celebrate cultural beliefs, others were just an artistic presentation. Certain poles also contained graves within them. But whatever their purpose, totem poles are awesome. 

Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

MAHA KUMBH 2025

The Maha Kumbh Mela, an integral part of Indian tradition, is renowned globally as the largest peaceful congregation of people. The festival is a testament to the human quest for divine and spiritual liberation, representing the belief in freedom from the continuous cycle of birth, death and rebirth. This gathering allows millions of devotees to immerse themselves in the holy waters of Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati, symbolising the purification of the soul and as believed, a path to attaining Moksha or liberation. 

The Amrut snan / Shahi snan (Royal bath) has gained global recognition. It is not just a religious gathering anymore; it has become a spectacle of faith, a cultural extravaganza, attracting not just devotees, but also tourists, researchers and international media. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) has inscribed the Kumbh Mela on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, further elevating its status globally. 

The word Prayag has traditionally meant 'a confluence of rivers'. For Prayagraj, it denotes the physical meeting point of the Ganga and the Yamuna in the city. According to ancient belief a third river, the invisible Saraswati, also meets here with the Ganga and the Yamuna.  It is believed that Lord Brahma performed the very first sacrifice (yagya) at this place. 

Triveni sangam (or simply sangam) is a more frequently used name for the confluence. Prayagraj meaning the king of prayagas, is used as a term to indicate that this confluence is the most splendid one of the five sacred confluences in India - the holy grounds for the Kumbh. 

The Kumbh Mela is the largest and the most sacred fair of all which takes place once in 12 years at Prayagraj. This year it is being celebrated from January 13, 2025 to February 26, 2025. A sea of humanity lands up here for a dip in the rivers. The mega fair is a melting point of beliefs and ethnicities, drawing lakhs of Indians and foreigners alike. The people also come to seek spiritual solace.

According to legends , at the time of creation, the devas (gods) and asuras (demons) churned the ocean until the kumbh (pot) of amrit, the nectar of immortality, appeared. A fierce battle for the kumbh ensued, between the devas and asuras. During the 12 days (12 years in human life) struggle over the kumbh, four drops fell on earth, in four different places, and every three years there is a mela (festival) at one of these places to commemorate the devas’ victory in wresting the kumbh from the asuras. It is a victory of light over dark; truth over ignorance; positivity over negativity. 

Monday, January 13, marked the first day of 45­day long Maha Kumbh in Prayagraj, listed by UNESCO as the largest peaceful congregation of pilgrims on earth, where devotees walk miles to take a dip at 'Sangam', the convergence of the holy rivers Ganga and Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati. The fair is visited by Hindu ascetics, saints, ash­ smeared Naga Sadhus, skeleton­-donning, Aghoris and other pilgrims. It is expected to have a footfall of 450 million this year, nearly twice the population of Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous State. 

Kumbh, derived from a Sanskrit word which means a pitcher, is rotationally held every three years at the four riverside cities of Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain and Nasik. Its schedule is based on the planetary alignments mainly of that of Sun and Jupiter. The Ardh (half) is held every six years at Haridwar and Prayagraj while Purna (complete) Kumbh takes place in all four cities every 12 years. The Maha Kumbh happens after 12 Purna Kumbhs in Prayagraj, once in 144years and is considered the most auspicious. The central ritual of the fair remains bathing in icy cold waters of the sacred rivers where millions immerse themselves with the belief that the act will cleanse them of their sins and liberate them from the cycle of birth and death and will attain spiritual liberation. 

Musical instrument

XYLOPHONE 

The xylophone is a colourful and fun instrument that makes happy sounds! It consists of wooden or metal bars of different sizes. When you hit the bars with small small sticks called mallets, they make music. Bigger bars make deeper sounds, and smaller bars make higher sounds. 

Playing the xylophones is easy and exciting for kids. You can play songs by tapping the bars in the right order. Many xylophones for kids are colourful, making it easy to know which bar to tap.

Xylophones are used in music all around the world. They are great for making cheerful tunes and learning about music. 

Did you know? The word "xylophone" means "wood sound" because "xylo" means wood and "phone" means sound. It's the perfect instrument for learning music and having fun at the same time!

An African folktale

THE MAN WHO NEVER LIED

Once upon a time, there lived a wise man named Mamad, known far and wide for never telling a lie. People from even distant lands spoke of him. When the king heard of Mamad, he summoned him to the palace. 

The king asked, "Mamad, is it true that you've never lied?"

"Yes, it's true, " Mamad replied. 

"And you never will lie?" the king asked. 

"I'm certain of that," Mamad answered. 

Several days later, the king called Mamad again. A large crowd gathered as the king prepared to go hunting. Holding his horse by its mane, with his left foot in the stirrup, the king gave Mamad an order. 

"Go to my summer palace, tell the queen I'll join her for lunch, and ask her to prepare a grand feast. We will have lunch together."

Mamad bowed and went to the queen. Meanwhile, the king chuckled, thinking, "We won't go hunting now, and Mamad will lie to the queen. Tomorrow, we'll have a laugh."

But Mamad went to the palace and said, "Perhaps you should prepare a grand feast for lunch tomorrow, or maybe you shouldn't. Perhaps the king will come by the noon, or perhaps he won't."

"Will he come or not?" asked the queen. 

"I don't know." said Mamad, "I know if he puts his right foot in the stirrup or his left foot on the ground."

Everyone waited for the king, who came the next day and told the queen, "The wise Mamad, who never lies, lied to you yesterday."

The queen explained what Mamad had said. Hearing this, the queen realised that a truly wise man never lies.

Based on size measurements

WORLD’S LARGEST FLOWER BOUQUET

The Ahmedabad International Flower Show is organised annually by the Amdavad Municipal Corporation and attracts millions of visitors every year. After winning the Guinness World Record for the Longest Flower Wall last year, Ahmedabad has once again earned a place in the Guinness World Records this year for the World’s Largest Flower Bouquet (based on size measurements). The award winning floral bouquet was 10.24m high and had a 10.84m radius.

Do you know

WHAT MAKES THE EAGLE SOAR AND NOT FLY?

'Soaring' here means a bird gliding without flapping its wings. This is mostly done by riding rising currents of warm air called 'thermals'. Eagles are very good at finding thermals or standing waves ( parcels of rising air). So, although they are descending through the air, that air column is rising faster than their descent speed, so they can stay aloft without having to work at it. Eagles can easily glide from one thermal to another - many hundreds of miles can be covered this way, with little effort other than by steering in the right direction. 

A teacher knows the true student

 ASHTAVAKRA 

Ashtavakra a great sage. He was given this name because his body was bent in eight places, which is what his name literally means. When he was still a baby in his mother’s belly, his father would read aloud sacred verses to him, every night. 

Even before his birth, Ashtavakra was so intelligent that he once corrected his father when he mispronounced a verse. His father was short-tempered and tired. He cursed the unborn baby to be born deformed. The curse took hold, and Ashtavakra was born with eight crooks in his body.

People laughed at his appearance in derision as a child wherever he went. Undeterred, he became a learned sage. At a very young age, he had learnt to look not at people’s appearance or status but at their inner qualities. He composed the Ashtavakra Gita. This is in the form of a dialogue between Ashtavakra and King Janaka, the king of Mithila and the father of Devi Sita. 

Though a very knowledgeable sage, Ashtavakra was reluctant to take disciples, so he had very few. When King Janaka heard the sage, he was very impressed by his knowledge and wisdom. Janaka humbly requested Ashtavakra to accept him as a disciple. Ashtavakra immediately agreed. This caused some heartburn among his other disciples.

They said, "Our guru too plays favourites. Otherwise, why did he accept the king as a disciple without any of the trials that he had us face?" 

The talk reached Ashtavakra’s ears too. One day, King Janaka was late in attending Ashtavakra’s discourse. All the other disciples were already gathered and waiting. 

The moment the king dismounted his horse, Ashtavakra said, ‘Today, I had a terrible vision. The capital of Mithila will be destroyed by earthquake and fire. All the people in the city will die. Those of you who have loved ones or valuables in the city must hurry there now to save whatever you can."

There was unrest among the monks, and all of them quickly left for the capital. Only King Janaka and Ashtavakra were left sitting. Ashtavakra said, "O King! Would you not save anything?"

King Janaka said, "O Guru! You are my only treasure." 

Ashtavakra nodded and said, "If that is the case, mount your horse now, and go and gather my students back to me. Tell them that I have been mistaken, and the capital is in no danger." 

When the other disciples came back, they grumbled about being sent on foolish errands here and there. Slowly, however, they understood that Ashtavakra had not accepted Janaka as a disciple because he was a king but because he had recognised that Janaka was a true student.

India’s weather tracker

INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (IMD)

On January 15, 2025, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) will turn 150 years old. 

The organisation was set up by the provincial British government in the country in 1875, and its first (Imperial) Meteorological Reporter was Henry Francis Blanford. The IMD’s genesis can be traced to the importance of the monsoons over South Asia and the formation effects of cyclones from the Indian Ocean. 

Its formation was particularly accelerated by the 1864 Calcutta cyclone, which devastated the city and left more than 60,000 people dead, and the Orissa famine that followed just two years later because the monsoons had failed. So the government at the time decided to funnel weather data collected around the country into a single set of records, managed by bespoke organisation. This organisation was the IMD. 

It was originally headquartered in Calcutta but by 1944 had moved to New Delhi. In independent India, the IMD became a member of the World Meteorological Organisation in 1949. 

The IMD currently operates six Regional Meteorological Centres, a Meteorological Centre in every State capital, plus a panoply of centres for various meteorological services. Aside from tracking and studying phenomena like rainfall and cyclones, the IMD helps record earth quakes and atmospheric pollution and generates alerts and warnings about impending anomalous weather. It also maintains a complicated communications system that collects data from a variety of sources, including ground observatories, naval vessels, atmospheric balloons and satellites. 

Why they matter

FAMILY TRADITIONS

In an age dominated by technology and the hustle of modern life, family traditions serve as an anchor, connecting us to our roots and fostering a sense of belonging. These traditions — whether grand or simple — play a crucial role in shaping positive family dynamics, creating memories, and imparting values to younger generations. 

Foundation for connection: Family traditions, no matter how small, strengthen family bonds. They provide opportunities to come together, share experiences, and celebrate unity. For instance, in many households, festivals like Diwali, Christmas, Eid, etc, are more than just occasions — they are a time for families to come together, perform rituals, and share meals. These moments teach you the importance of togetherness and allow you witness familial bonds. This annual ritual not only reinforces our faith but also creates a space where the entire family reunites — sharing stories, praying and enjoying meals together. 

Passing values: Traditions are a perfect way to instil values in children. While textbooks might teach you about cultural heritage, witnessing and participating in traditions leaves a lasting impact. For example, when you see the family sit down for a meal, keeping their devices away, you learn about the importance of undistracted communication and prioritising relationships over technology. These traditions are more than rituals — they are values in action. By involving in such practices, you learn to respect, express gratitude, and experience the joy of giving. Over time, these values become ingrained, shaping your character and worldview. 

Sense of belonging: In today’s fast-paced world, where devices often replace face-to-face interactions, family traditions offer a much needed respite. They create a sense of belonging, reminding you that they are a part of something bigger than yourselves. A shared tradition, like a festive puja or a simple weekend family meal, reinforces this connection. It provides a sense of identity, helping you understand where you come from and giving a foundation to build your own life.

Creating memories: An amazing part of family traditions is that it offers a chance to create memories. Each time a family comes together for a festival, a game night, or even a weekly Sunday brunch, they add to a pool of cherished moments. These memories become a source of comfort and happiness for you as you grow up. 

Modern challenges: It’s easy to lose touch with family customs amidst the distractions of daily, busy schedules. This is why it’s essential to preserve traditions. They are a reminder of where we come from and provide solace in an ever-changing world. 

Legacy: Whether it’s a religious celebration, a cultural custom, or even a unique family ritual, every tradition is a thread that ties one generation to the next. They enable you to pass down stories, customs, and values to the next generation. This continuity creates a legacy that stands the test of time.

Story

CHANGING OUR VISION 

There was once a very wealthy man who was bothered by severe eye pain. He consulted many physicians and was being treated by several of them. But the ache persisted with more vigour than before. 

Finally, a monk who was supposed to be an expert in treating such patients was called for by the suffering man. The monk understood his problem, and said that for some time he should concentrate only on green colour, and not to let his eyes fall on any other colours. It was a strange prescription, but the wealthy man was desperate and decided to try it out. 

The millionaire got together a group of painters, purchased barrels of green paint and directed that every object his eye was likely to fall on, be painted green; precisely as the monk had directed. When the monk came to visit him after few days, the millionaire's servants ran with buckets of green paint and poured them on him since he was in red attire, lest their master see any other colour, and his eye ache come back. 

Hearing this, the monk laughed and said, "If only you had purchased a pair of green spectacles worth just a few dollars, you could have saved these walls, trees, pots, all other articles, and also you could have saved a large share of his fortune. You just cannot paint the whole world green."

Let us first change our vision and perception; and the world will appear accordingly. It is foolish to shape the world; we need to shape ourselves first. 

Bumpy science behind golf balls

 WHY DO GOLF BALLS HAVE DIMPLES?

Golf balls haven’t always sported hundreds of tiny dimples. Originally, golf balls were smooth wooden balls, which evolved into feather-filled leather-sewn spheres called ‘featherie’ golf balls. Over time, golfers noticed that well-used balls travelled further than new ones. This was because with every strike of the golf club, balls were acquiring dinks and dents. In any other sport, old and damaged balls are quickly replaced, but it turned out that in golf, using battered balls can give golfers a great advantage. Unknown to early golfers, each dent was interrupting the airflow around a travelling ball and reducing the amount of aerodynamic drag it experienced. Drag is a force that opposes motion and reduces an object’s speed when it’s moving through air or a fluid. When a golf ball is struck and sent flying through the air, it separates the airflow around it, causing a vacuumous zone of drag in the area behind the ball to form. Dimples work to reduce the size of that zone, and therefore the amount of drag that slows the ball down. Less drag means the ball can fly further and faster before gravity takes hold and brings the ball back to the ground. Having discovered the benefits of dimples, in the early 1900s golf ball manufacturers began making them standard. Modern golf balls are designed and manufactured to exploit the aerodynamic effects of dimples, varying their size, shape, distribution and patterns on the ball.

DIFFERENT DIMPLES: The dimpled surface of the golf ball has gone through many iterations. In 1848, the gutta-percha ball sported inverted dimples and was covered in a pattern of protruding squares to minimise drag. In 1899, American inventors Coburn Haskell and Bertram Work patented a gutta-percha golf ball with a rubber core. Their design lasted until the early 1900s, when more robust plastics were being developed. Manufacturers found that balls with concave dimples would fly better than a gutta-percha ball. Although it might be hard to differentiate between modern-day golf balls, the number of dimples and the shape of dimples can differ.

Golf ball dimples are created by filling moulds with plastic around rubber cores

Do you know:

● The average golf ball dimple depth is 0.25 millimetres.

● A golf ball with dimples can travel almost twice as far as a smooth ball.

The artful sport of China

JIANZI 

When people think of sports in China, they often envision table tennis, badminton or martial arts. However, there is a captivating and lesser-known sport that has been played for centuries--- Jianzi or Chinese shuttlecock kicking. This traditional game combines skill, agility and creativity, making it a thrilling activity for participants and a fascinating spectacle for onlookers. 

What is Jianzi?

Jianzi (pronounced "jee-an-zuh") is a sport that involves the feet and other parts of the body, except the hands, to keep a heavy shuttlecock airborne. The game is believed to have originated over 2,000 years ago, during the Han dynasty and has evolved from a simple pastime into a competitive sport with dedicated athletes and tournaments. 

The shuttlecock itself is unique, often consisting of feathers attached to a heavy base. This design allows for a slow, graceful flight that players can control with an impressive precision. 

How is Jianzi played?

Jianzi can be played both recreationally and competitively. Informal games may involve a group of friends trying to keep the shuttlecock in the air for as long as possible, while more structured matches include rules and scoring systems similar to those of volleyball or badminton. Competitive Jianzi is usually played on a court with a net, where two teams face off to score points by sending the shuttlecock over the net using acrobatic kicks and well-practiced maneuvers.

Why should you try Jianzi?

Jianzi isn’t just a sport; it’s a testament to co-ordination and ingenuity. It encourages players to build agility, balance and leg strength, making it an excellent addition to any training routine. Unlike many sports that require specialised equipment or facilities, Jianzi only requires a small space and a shuttlecock, making it accessible to anyone willing to give it a try. 

Beyond the physical benefits, Jianzi carries with a cultural significance, offering insight into the communal and artistic spirit of Chinese society. It fosters teamwork, perseverance and the joy of playful competition. 

Where can you watch or play Jianzi?

While Jianzi might not be the mainstream in many countries, there are international organisations and clubs dedicated to the sport. Videos showcasing professional Jianzi players are also available online, displaying jaw-dropping performances that blend elements of martial arts, dance and football. 

For those eager to try Jianzi, all it takes is a few friends, an open space and a shuttlecock. High school students in particular may find it a fun and engaging way to enhance fitness and build community through friendly matches. 

So, next time you’re looking for a new sport to learn or share it with friends, consider giving Jianzi a go. You may find yourself mastering spins and kicks while becoming a part of a centuries-old tradition that's as enriching as it is exciting.