HOW DO CHAMELEONS CHANGE COLOUR?
Chameleons are among the most fascinating creatures in the animal kingdom, best known for their incredible ability to change colour. Contrary to popular belief, chameleons do not change colour just to blend into their surroundings. Their colour change is a complex scientific process linked to communication, temperature regulation, and emotions.
The Secret Lies in Their Skin:
A chameleon’s skin is made up of several layers of special cells that work together to produce colour changes.
1. Chromatophores – Pigment Cells
These are colour-containing cells found just beneath the outer skin. They include:
Xanthophores (yellow pigments)
Erythrophores (red pigments)
2. Iridophores – The Real Colour Magicians
Iridophores contain tiny nanocrystals made of guanine arranged in a lattice-like structure. These crystals reflect light rather than producing colour through pigment.
When a chameleon is calm, the crystals are packed closely together and reflect blue and green light.
When it is excited, angry, frightened, or courting, muscles stretch the skin, increasing the distance between the crystals.
This change reflects longer wavelengths of light, causing colours like yellow, orange, and red to appear.
3. Melanophores – Controlling Brightness
These cells contain dark pigments and lie beneath the other layers. They help make the skin appear darker or lighter, adjusting the intensity of the colour.
Why Do Chameleons Change Colour?
Chameleons change colour for several important reasons:
● Communication: Bright colours may signal aggression, dominance, or readiness to mate.
● Temperature Regulation: Dark colours absorb more heat, while lighter colours reflect sunlight.
● Emotional Expression: Stress, fear, excitement, or relaxation can trigger colour change.
● Camouflage: Though not the main purpose, colour change can sometimes help them blend into their environment.
How Fast Does It Happen?
Colour change can occur within seconds. The process is controlled by the nervous system and hormones, making it automatic rather than a conscious decision by the chameleon.
Do You Know?
● Chameleons are born with the ability to change colour.
● Not all chameleon species change colour in the same way.
● Their colour patterns are often brighter during social interactions than when hiding.
Conclusion:
The colour-changing ability of chameleons is a brilliant example of nature’s engineering. It is not simply camouflage but a sophisticated system of light reflection, cellular structure, and biological control. This unique adaptation helps chameleons survive, communicate, and thrive in their environment.
