FOOTBALL A to Z

Association football or soccer is the most popular sport on this planet. Almost 200 nations play the game. Let us learn the words associated with it.

Football A to Z

Assist: It is the final pass before the goal is scored. Many leagues offer prizes to players providing most assists in a season.

Bend it like Beckham: This term was popularised by the 2002 film of the same name. David Beckham has scored many memorable goals by 'bending' the ball or changing the ball's path in mid-air.

Clean sheet: A team is said to maintain a clean sheet when they do not concede a single goal during a match.

Diving: It is a form of cheating wherein a player falls to the ground in order to win a free-kick or a penalty. Usually there is minimal or no contact from the opponent. 

El Clasico: It is a derby between rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid. It is the most watched football event after UEFA ChampionsLeague Finals.

Futsal: A spin-off of traditional football, it is usually played with five players, indoors on a hard surface.

Group of death: A group of death in a cup competition or international tournament is the group which is most competitive. In other words, most or all the teams in that group are strong.

Hooligans: Overzealous supporters known for destruction of team property, violence and unruly behaviour.

Intercept: A player is said to have intercepted when he cuts off a pass from the opposite team's player.

Journeyman: A player who has played for many teams over his career.

Killer pass: A perfectly placed pass that reaches the foot or the head of a teammate allowing him to score an easy goal.

Lost the dressing room: This idiom is used when players have 'lost' confidence in their team manager. Such situations arise when the manager is unable to find a healthy combination of players, shows favouritism and is unable to register wins for the team.

Midfielder: A player who is positioned between the defender and the forward.

Nutmeg: A nutmeg is a type of play wherein a player sends the ball between an opponent's legs.

Own goal: A goal scored by a player accidentally against his own team.

Parking the bus: It is an expression used for a team whose outfield players play defensively. It is a negative style of play used by teams to secure a draw or to defend a goal-margin of 1 against strong opposition.

Quadruple: Winning of four different titles during the same year.

Retired numbers: Jersey numbers that are withdrawn and unavailable to new players in a team in honour of a significant player who had worn that number.

Shielding: A defensive technique wherein the defender puts his body between the ball and the opponent in order to prevent the opponent from reaching the ball.

Tiki-taka: It is a style of play consisting of short passes, fluent movement and keeping possession of the ball. The style is primarily associated with FC Barcelona. 

Utility player: A player who can play in different roles. For example: A player may primarily be a defender but he can be deployed into the midfield or as a striker.

Vanishing spray: Aerosol paint applied to the football pitch to provide a temporary visual marker.

Wembley: England's biggest football stadium and home to England's national team.

Yo-yo club: A team that is regularly promoted and relegated to higher and lower league levels.

Zonal marking: A defensive play wherein the defenders are given a particular area to defend as against 'Man-marking' in which defenders defend against particular players.

REMEMBERING KURDI

Submerged village of Sanguem Taluka

KURDI is a village in Sanguem, South Goa that can be seen only for about a month in a year, between April and May. The remaining eleven months, it remains submerged in the waters of the Salaulim, a tributary of the RiverZuari. 

When the village emerges, the displaced Kurdikars return to pay homage to the deity of Shiva at the still intact 18th century Someshwar temple, and to the rebuilt Sacred Heart of Jesus Chapel. The village throbs with life then as Kurdikars prepare for the annual temple feast, which takes place on the third Sunday of May at the Someshwar temple, and for the annual chapel feast, which takes place on the fourth Sunday of the month. 

Hardly anything remains of the old village. Close to the temple is the broken down ancestral home of Kurdi’s classical singer Mogubai Kurdikar, the mother of the well known classical singer Kishori Amonkar. Kurdikars pay their tribute to the great singer by playing bhajans that were sung by her during the temple fest. 

Most of the houses are in various stages of ruin, some even reduced to mere mounds of mud. Despite this, nostalgic Kurdikars spend entire day in the broken remnants of their homes. They go back in the evening with a heavy heart and haunting memories of cashew orchards, jack fruit trees and fragrant babuli flowers that had grown in wild profusion. Kurdi was once a lush green village with nearly 3000 inhabitants. In the early1980s, a dam was built across Salaulim. The dam and the unusually heavy rains of 1986 are said to have been responsible for Kurdi going under water. 

In 2016, the village was immortalised in the documentary film, “Remembering Kurdi”, by film director Saumyananda Sahi.

DURYODHAN’S BIGGEST VICE

 Jealousy

Traditional stories and folklore are known to inculcate basic morals and values in children. You have probably heard of many stories in which those who are jealous or selfish are punished. Let’s see how Duryodhan in the Mahabharat suffered because of jealousy.

Duryodhan was the crown prince and the most powerful man in his country. He had so much power that he could acquire anything he desired. And yet he was never happy. On the other hand, Karna was a great warrior and close friend and confidante of Duryodhan. He has unwavering loyalty towards Duryodhan. Karna was thus no threat to Duryodhan. Karna was also known for his noble quality of offering charity. He would oblige anyone who asked for alms and as a result, the whole country revered Karna and thought of him as the greatest almsgiver. This made Duryodhan jealous of Karna.

As this jealousy grew in mind, Duryodhan kept thinking of ways in which he could gain the recognition from people. He decided to imitate Karna and started to give charity. As generosity was not in his inherent nature, he did not have the nobility to give away without expectation. But since he had to give away something to win people’s praise, he decided to part with firewood, as it was available in plentiful in his kingdom. He made a declaration that he was donating wood and anyone who desired they could come to get it freely. His proclamation had mixed reactions – where some people came and collected the wood, others were perplexed by the sudden outburst of generosity from Duryodhan, who had not even given his cousins their due.

Lord Krishna was amused at this news and laughed at him saying,”The price does not have anything else to give his people, other than wood!” But Krishna also wanted to teach Duryodhan a lesson. He used his divine powers to create rain that lasted for many days and soaked the wood in the country, making it unusable for fire. Then disguised as an old brahmin, Krishna approached Duryodhan. He told him that he was to perform the marriage of his son on the next day and while all the arrangements were made, the rain had destroyed the firewood he badly needed for the function.

Duryodhan explained to him that because of rain, all the wood he had was also drenched. He then asked the Brahmin to postpone the wedding. The Brahmin reacted angrily saying that he thought that Duryodhan was a great almsgiver and would always help someone in need. He said that all the declarations about his charity were false and he should withdraw his promises so that he could approach other donors. Duryodhan had no choice but to acquiesce and the Brahmin left.

The Brahmin then approached Karna with the same request. Given the dire situation, Karna thought hard and then broke down all the wooden shelves and structures in his yard where he kept his animals and gave away that dry wood. The Brahmin was grateful and on his way back, he stopped at Duryodhan’s to tell him how Karna had been helpful. Duryodhan was humiliated; and his jealousy brought onto him even greater agony.

Thus, selfishness, greed and jealousy have no bounds. They bring a man down, no matter how much wealth or resources he has. One must overcome this evil through purity of thought and wisdom. In this era of technology and competition, the forces of selfishness, greed and jealousy are even greater. Every one of us should be cognizant of these forces and rise above them through self-effort, thinking and harbouring universal benevolence.

AN ESSENTIAL TOOL WHILE TRAVELLING

Map

Ever since humans started travelling, maps have been an essential tool. Can you imagine a journey without setting Google maps? 

A map is a drawing which tells us about a place and its relationship with other places. It is a way to represent a part or whole of the world. Some maps show mountains and rivers. Others show boundaries of states, countries or continents. Some others show details of crops and where they are grown. There are road maps also. 

Maps may be used to show demographics. For example the number of children born in different districts of a state during a particular period. What is common is that they are pictures on a flat surface, showing a place as if you were looking it from above. 

Maps have been used for centuries. Earliest maps were probably of the skies and go back to 16000 BC! Cave paintings showing mountains and rivers may have been early forms of maps. Geographical maps as we know, may be about 8000 years old. Babylonian World Map, created around 600 BC is considered to be the first scientific map. Greeks created the first paper map. China too had a tradition of making maps. Indian map-making goes back to Indus Valley Civilization. 

‘Cartography’ is the science of making maps. A person who makes maps is called a ‘cartographer.’ Traditionally, cartographers travelled across the land, measuring distances, heights, gradients and angles before making maps. They used instruments like telescopes, rulers, compasses and barometers. But today, maps are made with the help of computers and satellites. 

Geographical Information Systems ‘is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.’ 

In earlier times, maps were prepared by hand and beautifully illustrated. People collected maps as a hobby. 

Maps and Atlas Museum of La Jolla in California, USA is only for maps!

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

Space science and technology

The recent successes in space missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan and in space endeavours like satellite launching by Indian scientists, have infused space fever in the youth. No doubt, working for such space missions is very satisfying. At the same time, pushing the limits of science and technology often comes with high stakes: minor errors can be costly resulting in the loss of multimillion dollar projects — or even lives. 

Following the Chandrayaan 2 mission, the HRD Ministry is encouraging students to take up careers in aerospace engineering. Its ‘Swayam’ online portal will offer courses on the subject which will help students acquire skills and knowledge on designing, manufacturing and maintenance of spacecraft, rocket propulsion etc.

What’s this career about?

There are many opportunities to work in outer space-related fields, ranging from actual travel to the outer limits to creating the vehicles that take people there. A space agency employs several other scientists, technicians, and experts you might never have heard of. 

Astronauts may be the first professionals that come to mind when most people think about careers in space science, but they make up only a very small number of all space science employees. To become one, you must meet the stringent physical fitness criteria and undergo rigorous training. Competition is fierce, and only the most exceptional candidates make it to the training programme for astronauts. 

Engineers design spacecraft, space vehicles and space stations, and also create the space satellites that predict weather and climatic conditions and facilitate broadcasting and communications. 

Scientists from diverse streams make up the research and development team. Space Science is an interdisciplinary field of pure and applied sciences, and includes opportunities for experts from almost all streams. They can be astrophysicists, biologists, chemists, geologists, meteorologists or physicists.

Technologists and technicians often work closely with engineers and scientists to build, test and improvise upon various kinds of space projects and technological innovations. Experts in Space Science and Technology often get to work on innovative technologies and space secrets such as: developing advanced technical infrastructure needed for space exploration, mapping distant planets and stars, studying galaxies, making new discoveries about the solar system, and studying satellites and how they affect Earth etc.

How do I get there?

An expertise in science subjects like Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics is a must. These subjects can be pursued at Bachelor’s level, i.e., a 4-year B.Tech. programme or a 3-year B.Sc. course, for which eligibility is 10+2 in Science stream. After completing a Bachelor’s degree, one can seek admission in post-graduation in Space Science and Technology and other space-related fields. To become an expert in any specialized field, pursuing a Ph.D. degree is compulsory. In fact, most professionals working in Space Science are Ph.D. holders.

Do you have these key skills?

* A scientific bent of mind and the desire to explore.

* Curiosity and intellectual ability for scientific research.

* Ability to work systematically and accurately is essential. 

* A quick-thinking mind and strong skill of observation.

* The ability to understand, manipulate and make use of numerical and statistical data.

* Analytical mind to work out how to put new discoveries to good use in practical terms. 

* Ability to work on one’s own and in a team environment with others.

* Competence in oral and written communication.

Institutes

Indian Institute of Space science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram (iist.ac.in)

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra (bitmesra.ac.in)

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun (iirs.gov.in)

IIT, Bombay (iitb.ac.in)

IIT, Madras (iitm.ac.in)

IIT, Kharagpur (iitkgp.ac.in)

IIT, Kanpur (iitk.ac.in)

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (iisc.ac.in)

Pay package

Budding space scientists can earn anywhere between Rs 10-15 lakhs annually. Once an individual gains the right experience and acquires the requisite knowledge, there is no upper limit in remuneration for the right candidate. 

Employment profile

In this field, employers look for highly-skilled applicants with very specialized education and training requirements. You may be hired by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aeronautical Laboratories (NAL) and also by observatories. Space scientists can also work as faculty in universities, guide research students, publish papers, sit on academic committees, write proposals, or referee papers for publication.

How to get into ISRO?

Established in 1969, under the able guidance of Vikram Sarabhai, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) (isro.gov.in) has become one of the six largest space agencies in the world. It has 32 centres across 23 cities or towns in India. It has one of the largest fleet of remote-sensing (IRS) satellites as well as communication (INSAT) satellites. It offers space-based services to India, such as broadcasts and communications, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), weather forecasts, telemedicine, cartography, navigation, telemedicine, and dedicated distance education satellites. 

Eligibility to join ISRO as a scientist or engineer is B.Tech. with an aggregate minimum of 65% marks. The selection procedure is based on a written test followed by an interview. Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram, is the first of its kind in the country to offer a B.Tech. in Avionics and Aerospace Engineering. Students who complete engineering in IIST have an opportunity to be absorbed directly in various ISRO/DOS centres as scientists/engineers. 

AN IRANIAN FOLK TALE

Flight of fancy

A landlord was strolling through his estates when he met one of his tenants who presented him a hamper containing a roast chicken and a bottle of grape juice.

The landlord saw one of his servant boys going past and called him and asked him to take the hamper home.

"Don't open it on the way," he warned. "It contains a live bird and a bottle of poison. If you open the basket, the bird will fly away!"

The boy, however was not to be fooled. As soon as he was out of sight of his master, he ducked behind some bushes and opened the hamper. The sight of the chicken made him drool.

When the landlord reached home and learnt that the boy had not brought the hamper, he was furious and went in search of him. He found him sleeping contentedly under a tree. He kicked him awake and demanded to know what had happened to his hamper.

"I - I did a very bad thing," said the boy, "I - I opened the hamper."

"You did, eh!" said the landlord, grimly. "You ate it, didn't you?"

"Ate what master?" asked the boy, innocently. The moment I opened it, the bird hopped out and flew away."

The landlord didn't know what to say. Then he remembered the grape juice.

"And what happened to the juice?!" he asked triumphantly.

The boy said,"I was so ashamed of what I had done and so fearful of what you would do that I decided to end my life. I drank the bottle of poison to the last drop and now I am waiting for it to take effect. Goodbye, master!"

The landlord aimed another kick at him and stumbled back to his house, feeling rather foolish at being outsmarted by a small boy.

DO YOU KNOW

How do erasers remove pencil marks from paper?

 

Erasers also called rubbers, are used to remove the graphite marks made by pencil while writing on paper. Erasers are generally made of 'sticky' substances like plastic, rubber, vinyl, gum etc.

When a person writes, graphite particles wear off the pencil tip and get interlocked with paper molecules. The soft abrasive action of the eraser causes the graphite particles to stick to it instead of the paper, as graphite has a stronger attraction to the eraser molecules than to paper. The 'dust' left over after rubbing consists of worn rubber clumps mixed with graphite particles. 

Some types of erasers tend to remove the top layer of the paper along with the graphite particles and rubbing the same spot repeatedly can make holes in the paper.