MOST FASCINATING OBJECTS IN OUTER SPACE

Black holes

What is a black hole? 

Black holes are some of the strangest and most fascinating objects found in the outer space. They are objects of extreme density, with such strong gravitational attraction that they eat up everything around them including light. This can happen when a star is dying.

What gives them the enormous power?

Have you ever used vacuum cleaner in your home? When you do, watch closely because you will see the dirt and crumbs start moving towards the vacuum cleaner. A black hole is similar to a vacuum cleaner, cleaning up the debris that is left behind in the outer space. Instead of suction power, a black hole uses the power of gravity to pull things towards it.

How big are black holes?

Black holes can be big or small. Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. Another kind of black hole is called 'Stellar.' Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the Sun. Stellar black holes are made when the centre of a very big star falls in upon itself or collapses. The largest black holes are called 'supermassive.' These black holes have mass that is more than 1 million Suns put together have.. The supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to about 4 million Suns. 

Could a black hole destroy Earth?

Black holes do not go around in space, eating stars and planets. Earth will not fall into a black hole because no black hole is close enough to the solar system for Earth to do that. The Sun will never turn into a black hole. The Sun is not a big enough star to make a black hole.

The first image of a black hole: 

Since no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes.

The Event Horizon Telescope, a planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescope forged through international collaboration, captured the image of the supermassive black hole in the centre of the galaxy M87 and its shadow.

This historic photo of a black hole, previously thought impossible to capture, was named ‘the top scientific breakthrough of 2019 by the journal Science.

WORLD'S WILDEST WHIRLPOOL

 Saltstraumen

Just 30 kilometers from the town of Bodo, you will find one of the most amazing places in Northern Norway. 

Saltstraumen in Norway is the world’s strongest whirlpool and the most powerful tidal current on earth. Every 6 hours when the tide changes you can play witness to an astonishing display of Mother Nature’s brute forces here at Saltstraumen. This is the world’s strongest maelstrom with 400 million cubic meters of water pushing through a narrow strait that separates the islands of Knaplundsoya and Straumsoya.

The strait spans 3 kilometers but is only 150 meters wide at the smallest point. When the tide changes, you can witness impressive surges as the water rushes to move between the massive Skjerstadfjord to the outer Saltfjord.

It is beyond mesmerising to watch as the water tries to move in or out, depending on the time of the day. Beautiful swirling whirlpools are created and water bubbles up in huge powerful pushes.

DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST MIRACLE DRUG

Insulin

In the spring of 1921, Frederick Banting moved into a 7-foot by 9-foot flat in Toronto, with little more than an idea.

Against the advice of his well-wishers, he left behind a struggling medical practice to pursue research at the University of Toronto. He had absolutely no research background nor expertise. However, he was certain he had an idea that could change diabetes treatment.

A Real Motivation: He had a real motivation. As a youngster, he’d watched his 14-year old friend, Jane, wither away and die from diabetes. This event shook him terribly and stayed with him as a motivator. His persistence paid off and his research idea proved to be true, leading to the discovery of insulin, the first true miracle drug.

Insulin: Diabetes is a disease that restricts the body’s ability to produce or to use insulin. Insulin is produced in the pancreas of healthy individuals and is crucial for the regulation of blood sugar (glucose specifically) levels. In Banting's days, no one had ever heard of insulin or knew where it came from or what it did. Banting’s hypothesis was that a specific part of the pancreas produced a substance that could treat diabetes.

Research Involving Dogs: Banting began working in the laboratory of J.J.R. Macleod at the University of Toronto. Despite everyone’s lack of belief, he set out to test his idea of deriving a secretion from a particular area of the pancreas, the Islets of Langerhans. Banting and his assistant, Charles Best, began operating on 10 dogs. After repeated trials, the results were stunning, although temporary.

Coining The Drug: Banting and Best coined the term “isletin” for their extract. Excited, they added a chemist to their team and began producing more 'isletin' so that they could perform larger trials. The University at this point renamed it “insulin”.

Human Testing: Banting now turned his attention towards human testing. But first, they tested it on themselves to convince themselves of its safety. In January of 1922, they tested their solution on their first human patient – a 14 year old boy. The young boy showed immediate improvement. Further testing confirmed its effectiveness, and diabetes finally had a life-saving treatment.

Mass Production: Building on this success, Banting reached back into his childhood once again, and used his farm upbringing to switch his studies to cattle, which were readily available in great quantities.

This allowed for mass production of insulin, resulting in millions of lives saved and countless lives enhanced.

Later Years: In 1941, during WW I, Banting decided to fly to England to conduct a few operational tests with the British medical services. His flight crashed en-route to his destination and Banting succumbed to injuries. His brilliant career as a lifesaving scientist ended all too soon at the age of 49.

With the countless honours and symbolic awards he achieved, he, in fact, went on to gift the greatest and the most priceless prize to humanity in the form of ‘insulin’ that is saving lives even today.

CHEMICALS VITAL FOR LIFE

 Vitamins

     Vitamins are organic compounds that are vital for life. Vitamins are essential for the maintenance of good health and the prevention of a number of diseases. They are found in a wide variety of foods. A balanced diet should provide you with the adequate quantities of vitamins you need. 

There are 13 major vitamins: A,C,D,E,K and 8 varieties of B.

Vitamin A (retinol)

Benefits : Vitamin A prevents eye problems, promotes a healthy immune system. It is essential for the growth of cells. It keeps the skin healthy.

Sources : Good sources of vitamin A are milk, eggs, liver, fortified cereals, vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and pumpkin and fruits such as papayas and mangos. 

Vitamin B complex: The complex of B vitamins includes the group of substances: 

B1, B2, B3: The body requires relatively small amounts of vitamins B1(thiamin), B2 (riboflavin) and B3 (niacin). 

B6, B12: Vitamins B6 (pyridoxine) and B12 (cobalamins) are vital nutrients in a range of activities such as cell repair, digestion and protection of the immune system. 

B5, B7, B9: Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and carbohydrates. Vitamin B7 (biotin) plays a key role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Viamin B9 (folic acid) is needed for normal cell division, especially at times of rapid growth. 

Sources : The best dietary sources of the B vitamins are: milk, eggs, fish, animal products, asparagus, broccoli, spinach, bananas, potatoes, dried apricots, dates and figs, cheese, yoghurt, nuts and pulses, brown rice, wheat germ and wholegrain cereals.

Vitamin C (Ascorbate)

Benefits : Vitamin C is essential for healthy bones, teeth, gums and blood vessels. It helps the body absorb iron, aids in the healing of wounds and contributes to brain function.

Sources : You'll find high levels of vitamin C in citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, guava, peppers, tomatoes, broccoli and spinach.

Vitamin D (calciferol)

Benefits : Vitamin D strengthens bones because it helps the body absorb bone-building calcium.

Sources : This vitamin is unique — your body manufactures it when you get sunlight on your skin! You can also get vitamin D from egg yolk, oily fish and fortified foods like milk, soy milk and orange juice.

Vitamin E

Benefits: Vitamin E is an antioxidant and helps protect cells from damage. It is also important for the health of red blood cells.

Sources: Vitamin E is found in many foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables and whole grains.

Vitamin K

Benefits: Vitamin K is involved in the blood clotting process and in the maintenance of strong bones. It is found in small quantities in meat, most vegetables and wholegrain cereals.

Sources: Diets rich in fatty and sugary foods can adversely change the balance of the gut flora, as can the additives and pesticides that are often a part of modern food production.

DO YOU KNOW

What makes the sound when we crack our knuckles?

Your joints, including those in your knuckles, are surrounded by a membrane called the synovial membrane. Inside this membrane is synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant and shock absorber so that your bones don’t grind together when you move.

When you 'crack' your knuckles or any other joint, it expands the space between your bones, creating negative pressure that draws synovial fluid into the new gap.

This influx of synovial fluid is what causes the popping sound and feeling when you crack a knuckle. If you continually crack your knuckles, it may cause some injuries.

FREEDOM FROM FEAR

   FEAR: False Evidence Appearing Real 

    When a motivational guru was addressing the students of a leading school, a girl asked this question : “Sir, I am always afraid of exams. How can I overcome exam fear?”

     He reverted to her with another question : “Which is the best way to eat an elephant? Is it as a whole or one spoon at a time?" 

     After some thought, she replied, "Of course, one spoon at a time!”

     The guru said, "None of us would actually want to eat an elephant, but it gives a metaphorical picture of how we can get things done without feeling frightened!”

     He added, “Sometimes, the whole thing just looks too big to be tackled. But when you break it into smaller tasks, it becomes achievable. If you make a plan of preparation and adhere to it strictly, exam will be a cake walk for you.” 

    The girl thanked the guru for giving a paradigm shift in her views about exams.

     There are many types of fears like exam fear, stage fear, fear of criticism, fear of rejection, fear of failure etc. In fearful situations, the heart beats quickly, the body might begin to perspire, and "butterflies" in the stomach soon follow.

     But most of our fears are myths. If you analyze, 90 percent of your past fears which threatened you at those times passed away just like a mist.

     The word FEAR itself is an acronym with the expansion “False Evidence Appearing Real.”

     The future belongs to the risk takers, not to the security seekers. The moment you are armed with a plan of attack, you become capable of conquering any adventurous task.

     You are a born genius. You are a success material. Hence throw away all types of fears and become an adventurous person from today.

A TRUE WONDER OF NATURE

Bird Migration 

     Bird migration is one of the most astonishing feats in nature. Some birds fly thousands of kilometers non-stop braving rough weather and other hazards! Their strength and bravery are to be admired and respected.

     For centuries the study of bird migration has been riddled with mystery and unanswered questions: Where do birds go? How far do they fly? Why do birds fly in V formation? Scientists are tapping new technologies to find the answers.

What is Migration? Migration is the movement of a bird or an animal from one region to another. This happens at regular periods of time, and during a particular season. Somebirds migrate across oceans, mountains and the equator.

Why do birds migrate? The reasons are complex and not fully understood. But a simple explanation is food and a safe place to breed. Birds migrate to a warmer climate in the winter to avoid losing their food supply under snow and ice.

How fast do migratory birds fly? Great Snipe is the fastest migratory bird ever discovered. Scientists found that the birds fly non-stop over a distance of around 7000 km from Sweden to Central Africa at a phenomenal speed of 100km per hour.

How high do birds fly? The highest honours go to a Ruppell’s griffon vulture. Alas, while cruising over the Ivory Coast at an altitude of 37,900 feet in 1975, this poor soul was sucked into a jet engine. That’s one high and mighty trip.

What’s the record for the longest migration on the planet? The Arctic Tern (Sterna Paradisaea) is an elegant flyer performing an annual long-distance migration between the Arctic and the Antarctica and back. The longest journey recorded for the Tern was 81,600 km. The Arctic Tern has the longest annual migration of all the animals in the world. When added up over a lifetime, the total journey for the bird is the equivalent of three trips to the moon and back.

How long do migratory birds fly non-stop? Some birds fly for several days in a row without stopping, sleeping or eating! The Bar-tailed Godwit was named the ‘endurance champion of the animal kingdom’ after it completed a nine-day non-stop 11,000 kilometer flight across the Pacific Ocean.

How do birds find their way? Navigation is complicated because it requires three things: birds must know their current location, their destination and the direction they must take to get there. Birds acquire directional information from five primary sources: (1) topographic features like hills, rivers and buildings (2) stars (3) sun (4) Earth’s magnetic field and (5) odours. 

     When the sky is cloudy and birds cannot see the sun or stars, they rely on their sense for the Earth’s magnetic field. They are sensitive to the angle at which lines of magnetic force meet the Earth’s surface, which changes at different latitudes. Some birds that were captured, shipped to areas outside of their flyway, and released have still been able to reorient themselves and fly to their original destination! 

Why do birds fly in V formation?

    One of the joys of the changing seasons is watching migratory birds make their journey in the impressive V formation. Migratory birds take advantage of each other’s wingtip vortices by flying in a V formation. It helps all other birds except the leader to fly easily in the up-wash from the wing of the bird ahead.

     The first bird in the pointing tip of V has to work the hardest since it flies through undisturbed air. When the lead bird is tired, it will move out of the lead position and fall back into one of the lines of the V. Another bird will rapidly move forward to take the lead position to maintain the V formation.

How do the birds prepare themselves for migration? The endurance displayed by the migratory birds is amazing. Eating right and gaining endurance seems to be the buzzword of birds prior to migration, according to the latest research.

     Tiny Sandpiper which migrates 3000 km with 3 days of non-stop flight has an amazing feat of endurance among the small birds. Just before the onset of migration, the sandpipers start eating mud shrimp. Mud Shrimp is loaded with omega-3 fatty acids. Within a short period of two weeks this frantic eating doubles the sandpiper’s bodyweight.

     Bird migration is one of nature’s greatest miracles. It is fun to observe these tiny creatures and to know about their bravery and stamina. The epic flights of migratory birds connect us all - crossing our borders, cultures and lives.