The Milkman of India and Architect of the White Revolution

VERGHESE KURIEN 

Verghese Kurien, lovingly remembered as the ‘Milkman of India’, was a visionary who transformed the dairy sector of the nation. Born on November 26, 1921, in Calicut (now Kozhikode) in Kerala, Kurien grew up in a Christian family where his father served as a civil surgeon. A bright student from the beginning, he completed his graduation in science from Loyola College, Chennai, and later pursued engineering from the prestigious Guindy College of Engineering.

Journey of Education and Early Career: After completing his engineering degree, Kurien joined the Tata Steel Technical Institute in Jamshedpur. His quest for higher knowledge took him to the Michigan State University (USA) where he earned a Master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1948. Returning to India in 1949, he was appointed as an officer in a government dairy unit in Anand, Gujarat—a posting that would eventually change the fate of India’s milk sector.

Meeting Tribhuvandas Patel – A Turning Point: In Anand, Kurien met Tribhuvandas Patel, who had established the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Kurien’s technical expertise, combined with Patel’s strong cooperative leadership, set the stage for a historic transformation. Together, they laid the foundation of AMUL, the dairy cooperative that would become the heart of India’s White Revolution.

Their efforts empowered lakhs of farmers, eliminated middlemen, ensured fair prices, and introduced modern dairy technology. AMUL became a model not only for India but for the entire world.

The White Revolution and Its National Impact: Verghese Kurien’s remarkable success in Anand inspired the Government of India to replicate this cooperative model nationwide. In 1965, the government established the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), appointing him as its first Chairman. His leadership helped expand the cooperative movement across the country, resulting in massive increases in milk production.

In 1979, Kurien founded the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) to strengthen cooperative leadership and professional management in rural development.

He also served as Chairman of the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF)—the organisation that markets AMUL products—until 2006.

Do You Know?

● Verghese Kurien was not a dairy specialist—he was a mechanical engineer, yet he reshaped India’s entire dairy industry.

● The name “AMUL” is derived from the Sanskrit word “Amulya”, meaning precious or priceless.

● The iconic Amul girl first appeared in 1966 and is one of the longest-running advertising mascots in the world.

● Kurien strongly believed that “India’s progress lies in the partnership between rural wisdom and professional skill.”

● Operation Flood, led by Kurien, became the largest dairy development programme in the world.

● Kurien continued guiding dairy cooperatives even in his eighties, demonstrating his lifelong dedication.

A Legacy That Transformed India: Kurien’s tireless efforts changed India from a milk-deficient nation in the 1960s to one of the world’s largest milk producers. The results were extraordinary:

● Milk production increased from 20 million tonnes (1960s) to 122 million tonnes (2011).

● Millions of rural farmers gained stable income.

● India became self-sufficient in milk and dairy products.

Kurien passed away on September 9, 2012, in Anand, Gujarat, leaving behind a legacy that continues to nourish the nation.

Awards and Honours: 

For his monumental contributions, Kurien received numerous prestigious awards:

● Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) – shared with Tribhuvandas Patel

● World Food Prize (1989)

● Padma Shri

● Padma Bhushan

● Padma Vibhushan (1999)

His Inspirational Autobiography: Kurien narrated his life journey and the making of the White Revolution in his inspiring autobiography, “I Too Had a Dream”, which continues to motivate countless readers.

The World’s Largest Free Encyclopedia

WIKIPEDIA 

In the era of the internet, when information travels faster than ever, one platform has become synonymous with learning, research, and curiosity — Wikipedia. Whether it is a school project, general knowledge research, or a quick look-up about a historical figure, Wikipedia is the first destination for millions worldwide. But what exactly is Wikipedia? How did it start? Who founded it? Let’s explore the fascinating story behind this giant of information.

What Is Wikipedia?

Wikipedia is a free, online, multilingual encyclopedia that anyone can read — and almost anyone can edit. It contains millions of articles that cover virtually every topic on Earth: science, history, geography, arts, sports, culture, current events, biographies, and more.

The purpose of Wikipedia is simple yet powerful:

to make knowledge freely available to every person on the planet.

The name “Wikipedia” is formed from:

Wiki – a website where users can collaboratively edit content

Encyclopedia – a reference book covering all branches of knowledge

Thus, Wikipedia is a collaborative encyclopedia built “by the people, for the people.”

How Is Wikipedia Created?

One of Wikipedia’s most unique features is that it is written and maintained by volunteers from across the world — students, teachers, experts, hobbyists, and everyday readers who share an interest in knowledge.

These volunteers, known as Wikipedians, write new articles, update facts, correct mistakes, add references, translate content, and monitor accuracy.

Because of this collective effort, Wikipedia is constantly growing and improving.

Why Is Wikipedia Free?

Wikipedia is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, a charitable, non-profit organisation.

It accepts no advertisements and no subscription fees. The entire platform functions through donations from users who believe in open, accessible education.

This makes Wikipedia one of the most democratic and inclusive sources of knowledge ever created.

History of Wikipedia

Before Wikipedia, the founders began an online encyclopedia called Nupedia in 2000.

Nupedia articles were written by scholars and passed through a lengthy expert-review process. Although high in quality, the process was slow — only a few articles were completed.

To speed up the creation of content, the founders launched a new idea in 2001: an encyclopedia that anyone could contribute to instantly. This new platform was named Wikipedia.

Wikipedia grew so fast that it soon overtook Nupedia entirely. By 2003, Wikipedia had become one of the fastest-growing repositories of knowledge in history.

Founders of Wikipedia

Wikipedia was founded by two Americans:

1. Jimmy Wales

Internet entrepreneur

Strong advocate of free and open knowledge

Considered the "public face" of Wikipedia

Co-founded the Wikimedia Foundation

Jimmy Wales believes that information should be accessible to everyone, regardless of background or financial conditions.

2. Larry Sanger

Philosopher and project developer

Co-founded Wikipedia and helped design its early guidelines

Came up with the name “Wikipedia”

Suggested using a “wiki” model so people could edit collaboratively

Together, Wales and Sanger built the foundation for a platform that would change global learning forever.

Why Wikipedia Became a Global Success

Wikipedia succeeded because it combined several revolutionary ideas:

Anyone can edit: Knowledge is not locked behind experts alone.

Free to access: Every reader is equal.

Neutral point of view: Articles must remain unbiased.

References required: All information must come from reliable sources.

Constant updating: Volunteers keep information current, often faster than news sites.

Today, Wikipedia exists in more than 300 languages and contains over 60 million articles, making it the largest encyclopedia ever created.

How Students and Teachers Can Use Wikipedia Wisely

Begin research with Wikipedia to gain a clear overview.

Use the references at the bottom for deeper study.

Explore linked topics for broader understanding.

Use images and diagrams with proper credits.

Always cross-check important facts with reliable sources.

Wikipedia is an excellent starting point for learning — not the final destination.

Conclusion: Wikipedia stands as a powerful symbol of collective learning. It proves that when people come together to share knowledge, they can build something extraordinary. What began as a small experiment in 2001 has grown into a global treasure — a living library that never closes, never stops updating, and never stops teaching.

Whether you are a student, teacher, researcher, or curious reader, Wikipedia opens a door to endless learning, completely free of cost.

Do You Know?

● Wikipedia was launched on 15 January 2001.

● It has over 60 million articles worldwide.

● The English version alone has more than 6.8 million articles.

● It is among the top 10 most visited websites in the world.

● Anyone can edit Wikipedia — but all edits are monitored.

● The content is available under Creative Commons license, meaning it can be reused with proper attribution.

● The word wiki comes from the Hawaiian word “quick.”

The Brave Girl of Chaundi

AHILYABAI HOLKAR 

Many years ago, in the quiet village of Chaundi, the ruler of Malwa, Subedar Malharrao Holkar, was staying with his family. With him were his dignified queen, Gautamabai, and their young son, Khanderao Holkar. The people of Chaundi admired the Holkar family, for they were known for their generosity and devotion.

One day, Queen Gautamabai received an invitation from the villagers. They were preparing for an auspicious ceremony — the installation of a sacred finial on a newly built temple. The queen gladly accepted, wishing to participate in the holy ritual.

The entire village gathered at the temple, decorated with flowers, lamps, and sacred symbols. Priests began chanting mantras, and just then, something remarkable happened. As the rituals progressed, a fresh water spring suddenly burst forth from the ground near the temple. The villagers were astonished; such signs were believed to be divine blessings.

Queen Gautamabai, moved by the moment, wished to place a sacred stone beside the spring to mark its holiness. But before she could proceed, a clear, confident voice rose from the crowd.

It was a young village girl.

With humility and courage, she stepped forward and said,

“Your Highness, our village has long suffered from a shortage of drinking water. Instead of placing a stone here, why not build a pond? This spring can fill it and bless the entire village.”

For a moment, there was silence. The villagers looked at the girl with admiration — her idea was simple, practical, and filled with compassion.

Subedar Malharrao Holkar, who had been observing the ceremony, was deeply impressed. He saw in the girl not just intelligence, but a rare combination of wisdom, courage, and concern for the welfare of others. He immediately ordered his men to begin the construction of a large pond around the spring.

The people of Chaundi rejoiced. The pond soon became a life-giving source of water, transforming the village.

But the story did not end there.

Recognising the extraordinary vision and noble heart of the young girl, Subedar Malharrao Holkar chose her to be the bride for his son, Khanderao Holkar. The girl of simple origins, guided by her compassion and sharp mind, soon entered the Holkar household.

She grew into a woman of unmatched strength, grace, and leadership — a queen who would later be beloved across Malwa and India.

That brave village girl of Chaundi became none other than the legendary Ahilyabai Holkar, remembered today as one of the most just, wise, and benevolent rulers in Indian history.

December 5

WORLD SOIL DAY 

Every year, 5th December is celebrated globally as World Soil Day. It is a special occasion dedicated to recognising the immense importance of soil — a resource so essential to our existence that we often take it for granted. Whether it is the food on our plate, the forests that purify our air, or the biodiversity that enriches our planet, soil lies at the heart of it all.

World Soil Day gives us an opportunity to appreciate this precious natural resource and to remind ourselves of our responsibility to protect it.

Why Do We Celebrate World Soil Day?

World Soil Day was established by the United Nations to raise awareness about the importance of healthy soil and to promote sustainable soil management. It is a global call to action to:

● Protect soil fertility

● Prevent soil degradation and erosion

● Promote sustainable agricultural practices

● Support farmers and land caretakers

● Ensure food security for future generations

The date, 5th December, also commemorates the birthday of the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, who played a vital role in championing soil conservation efforts globally.

The Vital Role of Soil in Our Lives

Soil is often called the “skin of the Earth” because it covers the land like a protective layer. Yet, its role goes far deeper — literally and figuratively.

🌾 1. Soil is the source of our food

Almost 95% of the food we eat comes from the soil. Healthy soil ensures nutritious crops, strong plants, and stable farming communities.

🌍 2. Soil supports biodiversity

Just one teaspoon of healthy soil can contain millions of organisms, including microorganisms, insects, fungi and worms — all playing crucial roles in nutrient cycling and plant growth.

🌧️ 3. Soil helps regulate the Earth's climate

Soils store large amounts of carbon, helping to reduce greenhouse gases and regulating the global climate system.

💧 4. Soil filters water

It acts like a natural filter, purifying rainwater as it travels to underground aquifers, making clean water available to us.

🏞️ 5. Soil is essential for ecosystem balance

Forests, grasslands and wetlands all depend on soil health. Healthy soil supports healthy ecosystems.

Threats to Soil Health

Despite its importance, soil is under severe pressure worldwide. Some major threats include:

● Soil erosion caused by wind and water

● Overuse of chemical fertilisers and pesticides

● Deforestation and overgrazing

● Urbanisation and land degradation

● Climate change impacts such as droughts and floods

Experts estimate that one-third of the world’s soil is already degraded. If this trend continues, food security and environmental stability will be at risk.

Theme of World Soil Day

Every year, World Soil Day is celebrated with a specific theme that highlights a key soil-related issue. Themes focus on topics like soil erosion, soil biodiversity, salinisation, nutrient imbalance, and sustainable soil management. These themes help communities, farmers, and students understand the challenges and take action.

How Can We Protect Our Soil?

Soil protection is not only the responsibility of farmers or scientists — every individual can contribute:

✓ Plant trees wherever possible

Trees prevent erosion, improve soil fertility, and increase groundwater levels.

✓ Reduce chemical use

Opt for organic fertilisers and natural pest control methods.

✓ Save water

Avoid over-irrigation, which leads to soil salinity and nutrient loss.

✓ Use kitchen waste for compost

Composting enriches soil naturally and reduces household waste.

✓ Avoid single-use plastics

Plastic waste pollutes soil and harms soil organisms.

✓ Support sustainable agriculture

Choose locally grown, organic products whenever possible.

Celebrations Across the World and in India

On World Soil Day, schools, colleges, agricultural institutions, government departments, and environmental organisations conduct activities such as:

● Awareness campaigns

● Poster and essay competitions

● Workshops on composting and sustainable farming

● Soil testing camps for farmers

● Tree plantation drives

In India, the day holds special significance because agriculture is the backbone of the country, and millions of farmers depend on healthy soil for their livelihood.

Conclusion: World Soil Day is a reminder that soil is not just dirt beneath our feet – it is a living resource that supports all forms of life. As global citizens, students, teachers, farmers and policymakers, we must work together to protect and nurture our soils for the well-being of future generations.

By adopting sustainable practices and spreading awareness, we can ensure that our planet remains fertile, green and thriving.

🌱 Do You Know?

● Healthy soil contains more organisms in a single teaspoon than there are people on Earth!

● It takes 1,000 years for nature to form just 1 centimeter of topsoil.

● Soil stores three times more carbon than the atmosphere.

● India has nearly 20 major soil types, including alluvial, black, red, desert and mountain soils.

● Soil degradation affects over 30% of India’s land area.

The Okinawan Secret to a Long, Healthy Life

HARA HACHI BU 

In a world where fast food, oversized portions, and hurried meals have become the norm, the ancient wisdom of Okinawa offers a refreshing reminder of how eating less can actually help us live more. One of the most fascinating practices from this Japanese island—famous for having some of the longest-living people on Earth—is the principle of Hara Hachi Bu. This simple phrase carries a deep message that has shaped the lifestyle and longevity of the Okinawan people for generations.

What Does “Hara Hachi Bu” Mean?

The term comes from Japanese:

Hara – stomach

Hachi – eight

Bu – part or portion

Together, Hara Hachi Bu translates to “eat until you are eight parts full,” or simply, “stop eating when you are 80% full.”

Rather than eating until the stomach is completely filled, Okinawans follow the discipline of leaving some room, both physically and mentally, after a meal.

This is more than just a diet tip—it is a philosophy of mindful living.

The Cultural Roots of Hara Hachi Bu: Okinawa is one of the world’s Blue Zones—regions where people commonly live past 100 years. For Okinawans, food is not just fuel; it is deeply connected with gratitude, inner balance, and respect for the body.

Before meals, many Okinawans recite a short prayer that includes the words “Hara Hachi Bu”, reminding themselves to eat mindfully and in moderation. Over centuries, this simple practice shaped their community into one of the healthiest on Earth.

Why Do They Stop at 80% Full?

Modern science supports this traditional habit. Here’s why Hara Hachi Bu works so effectively:

1. Prevents Overeating

The human brain takes about 20 minutes to register fullness. When we stop at 80%, we give our body time to balance hunger and satisfaction, avoiding unnecessary calories.

2. Supports Healthy Weight

Okinawans typically consume fewer calories than most people in developed nations. This naturally helps maintain healthy body weight without strict diets.

3. Reduces Stress on the Body

Overeating forces the body to work harder. Eating in moderation reduces the workload on digestive organs, metabolism, and even the heart.

4. Promotes Longevity

Researchers believe that lower calorie intake slows down cellular ageing, reduces inflammation, and lowers risk of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart problems.

5. Encourages Mindful Eating

By eating slowly and attentively, Okinawans savour their food and build a harmonious relationship with it instead of treating meals as rushed tasks.

How Okinawans Practise Hara Hachi Bu

Hara Hachi Bu is not a diet plan—it is a daily routine woven naturally into life. Here is how Okinawans integrate this philosophy:

● Eating slowly and chewing thoroughly helps them notice when they reach 80% fullness.

● Using smaller bowls and plates naturally limits portion size.

● Focusing on nutrient-rich traditional foods such as vegetables, tofu, seaweed, sweet potatoes, and fish.

● Pausing between bites gives the body time to respond to food.

● Stopping before feeling heavy or stuffed, trusting the body’s gentle signals.

Benefits of Following Hara Hachi Bu

Adopting this simple practice can lead to remarkable improvements in everyday life:

● Better digestion and less bloating

● Improved metabolism

● Higher energy levels throughout the day

● Healthy weight management

● Reduced risk of chronic diseases

● A calmer, more mindful approach to eating

Even though Hara Hachi Bu is centuries old, it aligns beautifully with modern health advice.

How You Can Apply This Wisdom in Daily Life

You don’t have to live in Okinawa to enjoy the benefits of Hara Hachi Bu. Here are a few easy ways to try it:

● Serve smaller portions.

● Eat slowly and without distractions.

● Stop eating at the first sign of comfort—not fullness.

● Drink water before and during meals.

● Use the “one-minute pause”: stop mid-meal and check how you feel.

● Choose fresh, wholesome foods that nourish your body.

Over time, these simple habits can transform your relationship with food.

Do You Know?

● Okinawans have one of the highest numbers of centenarians in the world.

● Their diet is traditionally low in calories but rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

● The practice of Hara Hachi Bu dates back to Confucian teachings, showing how ancient wisdom still guides modern lifestyles.

● Following this practice can reduce daily calorie intake by 10–20% without feeling deprived.

Conclusion: Hara Hachi Bu is a gentle reminder that good health is not just about what we eat, but how we eat. At a time when overeating has become common, this Okinawan habit inspires us to slow down, listen to our body, and appreciate our meals with gratitude.

A simple pause before our plate may very well be the key to a longer, healthier, and more mindful life.

Nature’s Most Surprising Parenting Strategy

WHY DOES THE CUCKOO BIRD LAY ITS EGGS IN THE CROW’S NEST?

In the world of birds, every species is known for its unique habits — some are skilled nest builders, some migrate thousands of kilometres, and some are known for their melodious songs. But among all these marvels of nature, the cuckoo stands out for a habit that surprises almost everyone: it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, especially the crow.

This unusual behaviour may seem strange at first, but when we observe nature closely, we find that it is a clever, well-designed survival strategy. The cuckoo’s way of parenting is the result of thousands of years of evolution, which has shaped it into one of the most successful “tricksters” of the bird world.

Let us explore this fascinating natural phenomenon in detail.

🌿 The Cuckoo: A Bird With a Beautiful Voice and an Unusual Habit

The cuckoo is known for its sweet and clear call that announces the arrival of spring. However, unlike many other birds, the cuckoo does not build nests, does not incubate its eggs, and does not raise its chicks. Instead, it depends entirely on other birds — known as “host birds” — to do the job.

In India, the house crow is one of the cuckoo’s most common host birds.

But why does the cuckoo choose such an unusual method? The answer lies in the way its body, behaviour, and survival needs have developed over time.

🌿 Brood Parasitism – Nature’s Clever Strategy

The habit of laying eggs in another bird’s nest is scientifically called brood parasitism. In this strategy, one bird relies on another to hatch and raise its young.

Interestingly, the cuckoo is not the only bird that follows this method — some species of cowbirds, honeyguides, and African cuckoos do the same. But the cuckoo is the most well-known and skilled brood parasite in the world.

🌿 Why the Cuckoo Chooses the Crow

1. Crows Are Excellent Parents: Crows are extremely careful and protective about their nests. They defend their eggs and chicks from predators like snakes, cats, and bigger birds. When the cuckoo places its egg in a crow’s nest, it benefits from this strong protection. A crow will sit on the eggs faithfully, keep the nest clean, and feed the chicks regularly — unaware that one of the babies is not its own.

2. The Cuckoo Saves Time and Energy: Building a nest requires days of work. Incubating eggs requires the mother bird to sit continuously for many hours. After hatching, feeding chicks becomes a full-time job. The cuckoo avoids all this labour. By leaving its eggs in someone else’s nest, it frees itself from the duty of parenting. As a result:

●The female cuckoo can lay more eggs in a season

● Both parents can spend more time searching for food

● The adult cuckoos remain agile, migratory, and energetic

● This boosts their chances of survival.

3. The Cuckoo’s Egg Mimics the Crow’s Egg: One of the most astonishing facts about the cuckoo is that its egg looks very similar to the crow’s egg in colour, pattern, and size. This is not an accident — it is the result of evolution. If the egg looked very different, the crow might reject it. But because of this mimicry, the cuckoo egg goes unnoticed. The crow incubates it along with its own eggs. This is nature’s brilliant camouflage.

4. The Cuckoo Chick Hatches Earlier and Grows Faster: The cuckoo’s egg usually hatches a little earlier than the crow’s eggs. As soon as it hatches, the cuckoo chick grows at an extraordinary speed. A crow parent feeds whichever chick opens its beak widest — and the cuckoo chick is always stronger, bigger, and louder. As a result:

● It gets more food

● It grows faster

● It soon dominates the nest

● This ensures its survival even in a crowded nest.

5. The Cuckoo Has Evolved for This Lifestyle: Over many generations, cuckoos have developed bodies and instincts that suit brood parasitism:

● Their claws are not designed for building nests

● Their bodies are light, built for long flights

● Their instincts guide them to drop eggs quickly and fly away

●Their chicks are biologically programmed to grow rapidly

All of this makes “parenting by proxy” the best survival strategy for the cuckoo.

🌿 A Strategy That Works: Though the cuckoo’s behaviour may seem selfish, it is important to understand that this is not a conscious trick. Birds do not think in human ways. Everything they do is controlled by nature, genetics, and instinct. The cuckoo lays its eggs in another bird’s nest because this method helps its species survive generation after generation. And the crow raises the cuckoo chick because it is simply following its natural instinct to care for anything that hatches in its nest. In the end, both birds are part of the delicate balance of the ecosystem.

✨ Do You Know?

● A female cuckoo can lay 20–25 eggs in a breeding season.

● Different species of cuckoos mimic the eggs of different host birds.

● Cuckoo chicks sometimes push the host’s eggs or chicks out of the nest — an instinct they are born with.

● Ancient poets often described the cuckoo as the “harbinger of spring” because of its melodious call.

🌿 Conclusion

The cuckoo’s habit of laying its eggs in the crow’s nest is one of nature’s most fascinating strategies for survival. It shows us how every species, big or small, adapts to its surroundings in extraordinary ways. What may appear strange to us is actually a finely tuned behaviour crafted by evolution over thousands of years.

In the great story of nature, every creature has its own path — and the cuckoo’s path is one of cleverness, adaptation, and remarkable survival.

The Glass Tower That Touches the London Sky

THE SHARD 

Rising boldly above London’s historic skyline, The Shard is one of the most iconic modern landmarks in the world. Nicknamed “the glass tower”, it stands like a sparkling shard of glass piercing the clouds. With its sleek design, triangular shape, and dazzling reflective façade, The Shard beautifully blends futuristic architecture with the old charm of London.

A Marvel of Modern Architecture: Completed in 2012, The Shard was designed by the renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano. Built primarily of glass, it has over 11,000 glass panels, giving it a shimmering, crystal-like appearance. Its striking design was inspired by church spires and ship masts—structures deeply connected to London’s history.

How Tall Is It?

The Shard stands at 310 metres (1,016 ft), making it the tallest building in the United Kingdom and one of the tallest in Europe. It has 95 storeys, though only 72 are habitable. From its viewing platforms, visitors can enjoy breathtaking 360° views stretching as far as 60 km on a clear day.

More Than Just a Building: The Shard is not just an architectural showpiece—it is a complete vertical city. Inside, it houses:

● Offices

● Luxury restaurants

● A 5-star hotel (Shangri-La)

● Residential apartments

● Retail areas

● The famous “View from The Shard” observation decks

This combination makes it a lively destination from morning till night.

Symbol of New London: The Shard stands as a symbol of modern, dynamic, global London. It brings together innovation, sustainability, and art, attracting millions of tourists every year. Its glass structure reflects the changing colours of the sky, making it look different at every hour of the day.

Do You Know?

● The Shard’s glass façade covers the area of eight football fields!

● It took 600 workers and 87 storeys of scaffolding to construct it.

● The top of The Shard is open to the sky—its glass fragments do not meet at a point.