A chronological view of global and Indian contexts

GENERATIONS THROUGH TIME 

Understanding generations helps us make sense of how historical, social, and technological events shape people’s values, behaviour, and identity. While Western generational labels are widely used, India’s distinct history offers its own unique generational milestones. Below is a chronological exploration of generations from both perspectives.

1. The Lost Generation (approximately 1883–1900)

Global Context: Born in the late 19th century, this generation came of age during World War I. Disillusioned by war and societal collapse, many questioned traditional norms.

Notable Traits: Cynicism, existentialism, artistic innovation.

Indian Parallel: Early freedom fighters and thinkers under colonial rule, facing oppression and beginning the intellectual foundations of the independence movement.

2. The Greatest Generation (approximately 1901–1927)

Global Context: Survived the Great Depression, fought in World War II, and rebuilt the world post-war. Often seen as exemplars of sacrifice and patriotism.

Indian Parallel: The generation that actively participated in India’s independence movement, including key leaders and countless unsung heroes who resisted British rule and laid the groundwork for a free nation.

3. The Silent Generation (approximately 1928–1945)

Global Context: Grew up during World War II but were too young to fight. Known for conformity, discipline, and traditional values.

Indian Parallel: Children of partition and independence. Many faced the trauma of 1947, communal riots, and mass migrations, growing up in the uncertainty of a newly formed India.

4. Baby Boomers (approximately 1946–1964)

Global Context: Born after World War II in a time of economic prosperity, cultural shifts, and social revolutions.

In India: This generation was born post-independence. They experienced Nehruvian socialism, the License Raj, early wars (1962, 1965, 1971), and the Green Revolution. Their worldview was shaped by scarcity, resilience, and national development.

5. Generation X (approximately 1965–1980)

Global Context: Grew up during the Cold War, oil crises, and rise of personal technology. Known for independence and skepticism.

In India: Witnessed political instability (Emergency era, 1975–77), state-controlled media, and the early signs of liberalisation. Doordarshan and transistor radios were cultural staples.

6. Millennials / Gen Y (approximately 1981–1996)

Global Context: Came of age with the internet, globalisation, and 9/11. Values include flexibility, purpose, and tech-savviness.

In India: First generation shaped by post-1991 liberalisation. Saw a boom in education, IT jobs, mobile phones, and cable TV. Culturally global, yet rooted in traditional family values.

7. Generation Z (approximately 1997–2012)

Global Context: Digital natives raised on smartphones, social media, and instant connectivity.

In India: Grew up during the smartphone revolution, e-learning, and social media dominance. Shaped by global pop culture and issues like climate change and mental health. Also faced the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during their formative years.

8. Generation Alpha (approximately 2013–2024)

Global Context: The first generation fully born in the 21st century. Expected to be the most technologically immersed so far.

In India: Raised with AI, digital classrooms, and streaming content. Heavily influenced by the pandemic-era shift to virtual life and early exposure to devices and online learning.

9. Generation Beta (approximately 2025–2039) (Future)

Global Context: Expected to grow up in a world dominated by AI, automation, climate action, and augmented reality.

In India: Will likely face the challenges of urban density, sustainability, and new-age education formats. May be more globally connected yet locally rooted.

10. Generation Gamma (approximately 2040–2054) (Speculative)

Could witness space tourism, synthetic biology, and hyper-immersive digital realities. Traditional ideas of identity, learning, and work may be radically transformed.

11. Generation Delta (approximately 2055–2069) (Speculative)

May live in an era of post-Earth ambition (like Mars colonisation), advanced AI-human integration, and a redefined concept of "reality."

Conclusion: While labels like Gen X, Y, Z, and Alpha are globally recognised, India’s historical timeline—from colonial rule to tech-boom modernity—adds rich texture to each generational experience. Understanding these layers helps us see not just when people were born, but how their worlds were shaped—and how they, in turn, shape ours.

Do you know

WHO IS A PIED PIPER?

The dictionary defines a Pied Piper as a leader whom people willingly follow—often one who leads others into danger or trouble through false or elaborate promises. This meaning comes from a well-known German folk legend, famously documented by the Brothers Grimm and later popularised in the 1842 poem “The Pied Piper of Hamelin” by Robert Browning.

According to the legend, in 1284, the town of Hamelin in Germany was overrun by rats. As Browning vividly describes, the rats "fought the dogs and killed the cats / And bit the babies in their cradles / And ate the cheeses out of the vats..." The townspeople were desperate, and the mayor and town authorities were at a loss.

At that moment, a mysterious man dressed in pied (multicoloured) clothing appeared. He introduced himself as a piper with a magical charm, claiming he could lure away any creature with the music of his pipe. He offered to rid the town of rats for a fee of one thousand guilders. The mayor agreed.

The Pied Piper stepped out and began playing a lilting tune. To everyone’s astonishment, the rats poured out of every house and hole, following the music. He led them to the River Weser, where they all tumbled in and drowned. The townspeople rejoiced.

But when the Piper returned to collect his payment, the mayor balked, calling the fee too high. Feeling cheated and betrayed, the Piper left—only to return soon after. 

This time, he played a different melody, and all the children of Hamelin, enchanted by the tune, followed him. 

He led them to a mountainside cave, and they vanished—never to be seen again.

Only one child remained behind, unable to keep up due to a physical disability. Through him, the town learned what had happened, and the people were left in regret and sorrow, having paid a terrible price for their broken promise.

The Moral: The tale of the Pied Piper is a powerful reminder to keep one’s promises, be cautious of charismatic leaders who offer too much and understand that actions have consequences, especially when trust is broken.

Destined for the skies

WING COMMANDER VYOMIKA SINGH 

Wing Commander Vyomika Singh is a distinguished officer in the Indian Air Force (IAF), renowned for her exemplary service as a helicopter pilot and her pivotal role in Operation Sindoor in 2025. 

✈️ Early Life and Education: Born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Vyomika Singh was inspired from a young age to pursue a career in aviation. Her name, derived from Sanskrit, means "one who resides in the sky," reflecting her aspirations. 

In a memorable incident from her school days, Wing Commander Vyomika Singh recounted a moment that significantly influenced her decision to pursue aviation. While in Class 6, during a classroom discussion about the meanings of students' names, someone pointed out that "Vyomika" means "one who resides in the sky."  Her teacher affirmed this interpretation and, perhaps playfully, remarked that she was destined to "own the sky." This comment left a lasting impression on young Vyomika, inspiring her to aspire to become a pilot in the Indian Air Force.

She completed her schooling at St. Anthony’s Senior Secondary School in Delhi and went on to earn an engineering degree in environmental engineering from Delhi College of Engineering. During her academic years, she was an active member of the National Cadet Corps (NCC), which further fueled her ambition to join the armed forces.  

🛩️ Military Career: Commissioned into the IAF's Flying Branch on December 18, 2004, Singh specialised in helicopter operations. She has accumulated over 2,500 flying hours on aircraft such as the Chetak and Cheetah, operating in challenging terrains including Jammu & Kashmir and the Northeast. Her notable missions include a high-risk rescue operation in Arunachal Pradesh in November 2020, where she provided critical air support in remote, high-altitude areas.  

On December 18, 2017, she was promoted to the rank of Wing Commander, and two years later, she received a permanent commission in the Flying Branch.  

🎖️ Operation Sindoor: In response to the Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, 2025, which claimed 26 lives, India launched Operation Sindoor on May 7, 2025. Wing Commander Singh co-led the official media briefing alongside Colonel Sofiya Qureshi and Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri. She detailed the precision strikes that destroyed nine terrorist camps in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, emphasising the use of advanced technology to minimise civilian casualties.  

Her articulate and composed presentation garnered widespread acclaim, with many praising her clarity and confidence.  

👩‍✈️ Personal Life and Recognition: Vyomika Singh is married to Wing Commander Dinesh Singh Sabharwal. Throughout her career, she has been recognised for her dedication and professionalism, receiving accolades such as the Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) and the Chief of Air Staff Commendation.  

In 2021, she participated in a tri-services all-women mountaineering expedition to Mount Manirang (21,625 feet) in Himachal Pradesh, as part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations marking 75 years of India's independence.  

Do you know

HOW DO ESCALATORS WORK?

An escalator is a moving staircase that helps people go up and down between floors without having to walk. It is made of many steps that are joined together like a big conveyor belt. It works using chains and gears. A motor-powered chain moves the steps up and down between floors in a continuous loop.

6 simple steps to understand how escalators work:

● A motor powers the gears at the top of the escalator. 

● The gears pull a chain, which moves the steps continuously. 

● Each step has wheels that roll along tracks. 

● The handrail moves in sync with the steps to help maintain balance. 

● At the top and bottom, the steps flatten out, making it easy to step on or off.

● The steps then recycle underneath and start again for the next riders.

 

A brilliant story of a mother’s bravery

HIRKANI 

Women have worked valiantly and diligently throughout history to identify themselves as individuals and specialists in their fields. As a consequence, we can now witness courageous women serving and safeguarding our nation more effectively, as well as acting as an inspiration to millions of young girls throughout the world. Here's one such true story of a Hirkani, a valiant woman under the Maratha Empire who is still recognised for her act of heroism.

Hirkani used to reside near the fort of Raigad. Shivaji took control of the fort in 1674 and made it his capital. Climbing this fort, which is situated on a hilltop, was extremely difficult and practically impossible for anyone. A village used to reside at the base of the fort, and all of the fort's daily necessities were transported along the fort's main road. The fort's gates opened in the morning and closed in the evening. Due to security concerns, it was agreed that the gates would not be opened after daybreak at any cost, as any adversary may enter. Hirkani, like the rest of the villagers, used to go to the fort every day to sell milk.

Hirkani went to the fort to sell milk to the clients like she did every day. However, because her child was sick that day, she arrived late at the fort. She took her time getting to the fort since she came late. As a result, she was unable to return to the departure gate on time. When she returned, she saw that the fort gate had been shut and so she was detained at the gate. Because her child was alone, she pleaded with the soldier to let her go.

The soldier guarding the gate refused to allow her since Shivaji had ordered that the gate be closed after sundown. Hirkani, being the strong mother that she was, couldn't leave her kid alone at night. She made the decision to ascend the slope in the dead of night, and she did it, ultimately reaching her house. When Hirkani returned to the fort gates the next morning, the soldier saw she had several wounds and bruises. Since the soldier had instructed her to stay within the fort the previous night, he was astonished to see her outside the gate. Because an official regulation had been breached, it was determined that she would be presented to Shivaji.

When Shivaji inquired as to why Hirkani walked outside the fort in the evening, the courageous lady said that her kid was alone at home and she couldn't leave him alone. Shivaji was so moved by Hirkani's bravery that he ordered the erection of a wall at the vertical fall. Hirkani Buruj was the name given to this wall in honour of the courageous mother.

Hirkani's narrative has inspired a number of traditional tales and literature, as well as men and women all throughout India. In 2017, the Pune City Police Headquarters dedicated a multi-purpose facility dubbed 'Hirkani' to its female constables and officers, in honor of her bravery.

Asia’s Mysterious Unicorn

SAOLA 

Deep within the dense, mist-covered forests of the Annamite Mountains on the Laos-Vietnam border lives one of the world’s rarest and most mysterious animals — the Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis). Often referred to as the "Asian Unicorn," the Saola is so elusive that it has almost never been seen in the wild by scientists. Its mysterious nature and extreme rarity have made it a symbol of the urgent need for wildlife conservation.

Discovery and Appearance: The Saola was first discovered in 1992 by a joint team of the Vietnamese government and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), making it one of the most spectacular zoological discoveries of the 20th century. Measuring about 3 feet tall at the shoulder and weighing between 80 to 100 kilograms, the Saola resembles an antelope, but is more closely related to cattle.

It has striking white facial markings and long, gently curved horns that can grow up to 50 centimetres in length. Both males and females have these horns, which contribute to its unicorn-like image.

Habitat and Behaviour: Saolas inhabit the wet evergreen forests of the Annamite Mountains. They are shy and solitary creatures, rarely venturing close to human settlements. Their diet consists mainly of leafy plants, fruits, and shrubs. Due to their secretive nature and the inaccessibility of their habitat, very little is known about their behaviour, breeding, or population numbers.

Conservation Status: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the Saola as Critically Endangered. It is believed that fewer than a few dozen individuals remain in the wild. Habitat loss due to deforestation, poaching, and the use of snares meant for other animals are the main threats to their survival.

Several conservation organisations, including the Saola Working Group and WWF, are working tirelessly to protect this unique species. Efforts include anti-poaching patrols, snare removal, and plans to establish captive breeding programmes.

Why the Saola Matters: The Saola is not just a rare animal; it is a symbol of the unique biodiversity of Southeast Asia. Preserving it means protecting entire ecosystems and countless other species that share its habitat. Its survival depends on immediate and sustained conservation actions.

Conclusion: The Saola is a living treasure of our natural world — a gentle and mysterious creature on the brink of extinction. As awareness grows, so does hope. With global support and committed conservation efforts, we can ensure that this “Asian Unicorn” continues to roam the forests of the Annamites for generations to come.

Face of India’s military excellence

COLONEL SOPHIA QURESHI 

In the early hours of Wednesday, the Indian Air Force executed air strikes on nine terrorist hideouts in Pakistan under Operation Sindoor, eliminating several terrorists. The Indian Army disclosed details of this strategic strike during a press conference, with two distinguished female military officers, including Colonel Sophia Qureshi from Vadodara, Gujarat. 

Colonel Sophia Qureshi is a distinguished officer in the Indian Army's Corps of Signals, renowned for her trailblazing contributions to military leadership and technological advancement. 

🎖️ Pioneering Military Leadership

In 2016, Colonel Qureshi made history by becoming the first woman officer to lead an Indian Army contingent in a multinational military exercise. She commanded the Indian team at 'Exercise Force 18', the largest foreign military drill ever hosted by India, involving 18 participating countries. Notably, she was the only female commander among all contingents, exemplifying India's evolving military ethos that values competence over convention.  

Colonel Sophia Qureshi currently serves as a prominent officer in the Indian Army's Corps of Signals. Renowned for her exemplary service, she commanded India's team in the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission and played a pivotal role as a key trainer. Her involvement in Peacekeeping Operations (PKOs) spans over six years, beginning with her deployment in the United Nations Congo Peacekeeping Mission in 2006. 

🛡️ Role in Operation Sindoor

In May 2025, Colonel Qureshi played a pivotal role in 'Operation Sindoor', India's significant retaliatory action against terrorism following the Pahalgam attack. She, alongside Wing Commander Vyomika Singh, briefed the media on the operation, which targeted and destroyed nine terrorist camps in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. Her leadership during this operation underscored her strategic acumen and commitment to national security.  

🎓 Academic and Technical Expertise

Colonel Qureshi holds a postgraduate degree in Biochemistry and has furthered her military education through various prestigious institutions. Her academic background complements her technical expertise in military communications and cyber warfare, areas in which she has significantly contributed to the modernization of the Indian Army's technological capabilities.  

Colonel Sophia Qureshi completed her Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Biochemistry from MS University before joining the Indian Army through a Short Service Commission in 1999 at the age of 17. She underwent rigorous training at the Officers Training Academy in Chennai and was commissioned as a Lieutenant. Throughout her career, she has earned commendations for her exceptional contributions during various operations, including Operation Parakram and flood relief efforts in North-East India.Colonel Sophia Qureshi led a 40-member contingent of the Indian Army in 'Force 18,' a multinational military exercise held in Pune, where she represented India as the sole woman army officer. Her leadership skills and dedication were highlighted by former Chief of Defence Staff, the late Bipin Rawat, who emphasized the Indian Army's commitment to equal opportunities and responsibilities irrespective of gender. 

In a statement regarding Colonel Sophia Qureshi's participation in ASEAN summits, General Bipin Rawat said, "In the Army, we believe in equal opportunities and equal responsibilities. Sophia Qureshi embodies leadership qualities that transcend gender barriers, earning her role not through tokenism but through merit."

👩‍👧 Personal Background

Hailing from Vadodara, Gujarat, Colonel Qureshi comes from a family with a strong military background; her grandfather served in the Indian Army, and her father was also in the Army for a few years as a religious teacher. She is married to Major Tajuddin Qureshi, an officer in the Mechanised Infantry Regiment, and they have a son named Sameer.  

🌟 Legacy and Recognition

Colonel Qureshi's career is marked by numerous accolades, including the Sena Medal and the Vishisht Seva Medal, recognizing her exceptional service and leadership. Her pioneering role has not only broken gender barriers in the armed forces but also inspired policy changes, including the Supreme Court's 2020 ruling on Permanent Commission for women Army officers.  

Colonel Sophia Qureshi stands as a symbol of courage, innovation, and dedication in the Indian Armed Forces, inspiring future generations to pursue excellence in service to the nation.