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HOW DO INSECTS LIKE MOSQUITOES WALK ON WATER?

Insects like mosquitoes can walk (or more commonly, stand) on water due to the following reasons:

1. Surface Tension: Water molecules are strongly attracted to each other, especially at the surface. This creates a sort of "film" at the surface that resists external force—called surface tension. Small, lightweight insects don't exert enough force to break through this tension.

2. Hydrophobic Legs: Mosquitoes and other water-walking insects have hydrophobic (water-repellent) legs. Their legs are covered with microscopic hairs and waxy substances that repel water, helping them stay on top without sinking.

3. Weight Distribution: They have long, spread-out legs that distribute their tiny body weight over a wider area. This reduces pressure on any single point on the water surface.

So, they're not really walking in the usual sense—they're kind of “floating” on water. 

The soul of patriotic cinema

MANOJ "BHARAT" KUMAR 

On April 4, the Indian film industry lost a legend, and the nation lost one of its proudest storytellers. Manoj Kumar was not just an actor, director, or writer — he was Bharat Kumar, a man who turned cinema into a canvas of patriotism, social change, and cultural pride.

Manoj Kumar was more than an actor; he was the embodiment of patriotism, culture, and social awakening in Indian cinema. His legacy transcends his films, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts of audiences. When he passed away on April 4, the world lost not just an artist, but a beacon of national pride.

Born Harikrishna Giri Goswami on July 24, 1937, Manoj Kumar’s journey was one of perseverance and extraordinary talent. Inspired by Dilip Kumar, he chose the name ‘Manoj’ from a character in the film Shabnam. Despite early hardships, he rose to stardom, carving out a unique space in an era dominated by glamour and entertainment.

What set Manoj Kumar apart was his focus on patriotism and social consciousness. In Shaheed, his portrayal of Bhagat Singh’s sacrifice left audiences awestruck, reigniting the spirit of independence. During the 1965 Indo-Pak war, he created Upkar, a film that beautifully depicted the importance of both soldiers and farmers to the nation’s survival. His role earned him the title ‘Bharat Kumar,’ a fitting tribute to his dedication to India and cinema.

Films like Purab Aur Paschim and Kranti showcased his commitment to preserving Indian values amidst global influences. His characters weren’t just heroes; they were symbols of cultural pride, and the powerful dialogues from his films continue to resonate today. His work wasn’t merely for entertainment—it was a call to action, urging society to reflect on its identity and progress.

Manoj Kumar was also a thoughtful director and writer, blending entertainment with education. He wasn’t swayed by the changing tides of cinema; his films retained a simple, value-driven narrative. Movies like Roti, Kapda Aur Makaan highlighted the struggles of common people, making his films not just art, but instruments of social change. His commitment to Indian values extended beyond his screen persona. Simplicity was his hallmark, and it reflected in his work. Despite accolades like the Padma Shri and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, his true honour lay in the love and respect he earned from audiences.

Manoj Kumar’s passing is not the end of an era but the continuation of his inspiring legacy. His films remain a guiding light for future generations, proving that cinema is more than just entertainment—it is a powerful force for social transformation. His patriotism, respect for culture, and unwavering dedication to his craft will continue to inspire for years to come.

Today, as Indian cinema evolves with technology and global influence, the values championed by Manoj Kumar serve as an important compass. His storytelling reminds filmmakers and audiences alike that cinema has the power to unite, to heal, and to ignite a sense of purpose. In a world that often forgets its roots, Manoj Kumar’s work calls us back—reminding us of who we are, and what we stand for. His vision lives on, not just in celluloid, but in the soul of a nation that continues to dream.

Smallest country in the world

VATICAN CITY 

The smallest country in the world by both area and population is Vatican City.

Area: About 0.49 square kilometers (0.19 square miles).

Population: Around 800 people.

It's an independent city-state entirely surrounded by Rome, Italy, and serves as the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church.

Political Status: Vatican City is an independent sovereign state, established in 1929 through the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy.

It is the spiritual headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church and the residence of the Pope, the spiritual leader of Catholics worldwide.

Government: It’s an absolute monarchy — the Pope holds full executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The Pope is also the head of state.

Language and Currency:

Official Language: Latin (used in official documents), but Italian is commonly spoken.

Currency: Euro (€), even though Vatican City is not a member of the EU.

Major Landmarks:

St. Peter's Basilica – One of the largest churches in the world, built over the tomb of Saint Peter.

St. Peter's Square – Famous for its grand open space and events led by the Pope.

The Vatican Museums – Home to vast collections of art and historical artifacts, including the Sistine Chapel, which has Michelangelo’s famous ceiling.

Population: Around 800 residents, but only about half are Vatican citizens. Citizens include the Pope, cardinals, Swiss Guards (who protect the Pope), and other officials.

Interesting Facts:

Vatican City has its own radio station, post office, newspaper, and even an astronomical observatory.

It has no airport or railway system, but there’s a heliport and a small railway track used occasionally.

The Vatican issues its own passports, license plates, and stamps.

Where culture drapes itself in beauty

THE TIMELESS ELEGANCE OF THE SARI 

The sari, a traditional garment worn by women in India and many other South Asian countries, is more than just a piece of clothing; it is a symbol of culture, heritage, and timeless elegance. Draped gracefully around the body, the sari has been an integral part of the subcontinent's history for thousands of years, evolving through time while retaining its inherent charm and significance.

A Historical Perspective: The origins of the sari can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2800–1800 BCE), where ancient depictions of women in draped garments suggest early forms of this attire. Over the centuries, different regions of India have developed unique styles of draping the sari, influenced by local traditions, climate, and social customs. The art of weaving and dyeing saris has been passed down through generations, contributing to the vast diversity in patterns, colors, and fabrics.

Variety in Weaves and Styles: India is home to an astonishing array of saris, each reflecting the craftsmanship of its region. Some of the most well-known types include:

North India

Banarasi Sari (Uttar Pradesh): Rich silk fabric with intricate gold and silver brocade work.

Chikankari Sari (Lucknow, UP): Delicate hand embroidery on lightweight fabric.

Tussar Silk Sari (Bihar/Jharkhand): Natural texture silk with earthy tones.

West India

Bandhani Sari (Gujarat/Rajasthan): Vibrant tie-dye patterns, often worn in festive occasions.

Paithani Sari (Maharashtra): Heavy gold borders with peacock and floral motifs.

Patola Sari (Gujarat): Intricate double-ikat weaving, requiring expert craftsmanship.

South India

Kanjeevaram Sari (Tamil Nadu): Luxurious silk with bold colors and elaborate zari work.

Mysore Silk Sari (Karnataka): Lightweight silk known for its smooth finish.

Kasavu Sari (Kerala): White cotton sari with gold border, often worn during festivals.

East India

Baluchari Sari (West Bengal): Silk sari featuring mythological motifs in contrasting colors.

Tant Sari (West Bengal): Lightweight cotton sari, ideal for daily wear.

Sambalpuri Sari (Odisha): Handwoven ikat sari with intricate geometric patterns.

Each sari tells a story, woven with threads of tradition, artistry, and local identity.

Cultural and Traditional Significance: The sari is deeply woven into the cultural and traditional fabric of India. It is a garment that symbolises grace, modesty, and cultural pride, with its significance varying across different communities and occasions. Women wear saris in religious ceremonies, festivals, and rites of passage such as weddings and coming-of-age celebrations. The way a sari is draped can also signify a woman's regional background, marital status, or even social standing.

In many parts of India, certain colours and patterns hold symbolic meanings. Red is commonly worn by brides as a sign of prosperity and marital bliss, while white is traditionally associated with mourning and spirituality. The nine-yard sari (Nauvari inMaharashtra), or Madisaar, is an essential attire for Tamil Brahmin women during religious rituals, while the Assamese Mekhela Chador represents the rich textile heritage of Assam.

The sari is also seen as a bridge between the past and present, carrying forward centuries-old traditions while adapting to modern sensibilities. It continues to be an emblem of Indian femininity and elegance, embraced by women of all ages.

Modern Adaptations and Global Appeal: Despite the rapid modernisation of fashion, the sari continues to be a beloved garment, adapting to contemporary styles while maintaining its essence. Designers have experimented with innovative draping styles, fusion fabrics, and embellishments, making the sari a global fashion statement. Bollywood celebrities, international fashion designers, and influencers have played a significant role in keeping the sari relevant in today’s world.

Conclusion: The sari is not just a piece of clothing; it is a representation of India’s rich heritage, artistry, and evolving fashion sensibilities. Whether draped traditionally or styled in a modern way, it remains a garment of beauty and grace, celebrated across generations. Its timeless appeal ensures that the sari will continue to be an enduring symbol of elegance and cultural pride for years to come.

Scientist who discovered neutral particle in an atom

JAMES CHADWICK

 

Neutrons, along with protons, are subatomic particles found inside the nucleus of every atom. The only exception is hydrogen, where the nucleus contains only a single proton. Neutrons have a neutral electric charge, with slightly more mass than positively-charged protons.

Pioneering British physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932. His work not only expanded our understanding of the atomic structure, but also laid the groundwork for the development of nuclear physics and the atomic age. Chadwick’s discovery changed the way scientists viewed the nucleus of an atom, leading to revolutionary advances in energy production and atomic weaponry.

Born on October 20, 1891, in Bollington, Cheshire, England, Chadwick showed early academic promise. He attended the University of Manchester, where he studied physics under Ernest Rutherford, a mentor who had a profound influence on his career.

Rutherford’s research on atomic structure inspired Chadwick’s curiosity about the fundamental building blocks of matter.

After completing his studies in Manchester, Chadwick worked with prominent scientists, including Niels Bohr and Otto Hahn. Itwas during his time at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge that Chadwick made his groundbreaking discovery. 

In 1932, he discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles, resulting in the emission of highly energetic, uncharged particles. This neutral particle, which Chadwick identified as the neutron, was crucial in explaining the stability of atomic nuclei and provided a missing piece in the puzzle of atomic structure. 

Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron revolutionised the understanding of the atom. Before his work, scientists had identified protons and electrons, but they had not fully understood the role of neutral particles in the nucleus. 

Chadwick’s neutron theory allowed for a more complete model of the atom and paved the way for the development of nuclear reactors and weapons. 

In recognition of his monumental achievement, Chadwick was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935. He continued to make significant contributions to nuclear research throughout his career, including work on the Manhattan Project during World War II. 

He passed away on July 24, 1974, in Cambridge, England.

A Celebration of Konkani Language and Culture

WORLD KONKANI DAY (APRIL 9)

Why is April 9 Celebrated as World Konkani Day?

World Konkani Day is celebrated on April 9 in honour of Shenoi Goembab (1877–1946), a pioneer of modern Konkani literature. His real name was Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar, and he dedicated his life to preserving and promoting the Konkani language through literature, essays, and activism.

During the colonial era, Konkani faced a decline as Portuguese rulers in Goa discouraged its use, and many Konkani speakers adopted Marathi or Portuguese. Shenoi Goembab fought against this linguistic erosion, publishing essays, short stories, and novels that revived interest in Konkani. His efforts laid the foundation for Konkani's recognition as an independent language.

The Importance of Konkani

Konkani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly in Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Kerala, with a significant diaspora worldwide, especially in the Middle East, Portugal, the UK, and Canada.

In 1992, Konkani received official recognition as one of India’s 22 scheduled languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. It is written in multiple scripts, including Devanagari (official script), Roman (used in Goa), Kannada (used in Karnataka), and Malayalam (used in Kerala).

How is World Konkani Day Celebrated?

Konkani-speaking communities and organizations worldwide organize various events, such as:

Literary Events: Essay and poetry competitions, book releases, and discussions on Konkani literature.

Cultural Performances: Traditional Konkani folk dances (like Dekhni and Fugdi), music performances, and skits.

Felicitation Programs: Awards for individuals who have contributed to the preservation and promotion of Konkani language and culture.

Workshops and Seminars: Discussions on the history and future of Konkani, language preservation efforts, and linguistic research.

Online Celebrations: Social media campaigns, webinars, and virtual storytelling sessions, especially for the diaspora.

Organisations Promoting Konkani

Several institutions actively promote Konkani literature and culture:

Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation (Mangaluru)

Goa Konkani Akademi (Goa)

Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy (Karnataka)

World Konkani Centre (Mangaluru)

These organisations publish books, conduct research, and host cultural events to ensure the language thrives.

Konkani in Modern Times

Konkani Literature: Writers like Ravindra Kelekar (Jnanpith Award winner), Pundalik Naik, and Damodar Mauzo have enriched Konkani literature.

Konkani Cinema: Films like "Nachom-ia Kumpasar" and "Juze" have gained international recognition.

Konkani Music: Popular bands like Lorna and Alfred Rose have kept Konkani music alive.

Konkani Media: Newspapers, magazines, and radio stations cater to Konkani-speaking audiences.

Why is World Konkani Day Important?

Encourages Konkani-speaking communities to take pride in their language.

Spreads awareness about linguistic diversity and heritage.

Supports efforts to preserve and promote Konkani among younger generations.

Strengthens the cultural identity of Konkani speakers worldwide.

Do you know

WHY DO CHINESE DRAGONS RESEMBLE SNAKES?

Mythical snake-like dragons date back to artefacts discovered in northeast China as early as 5000 BCE, but it’s not known why they resemble snakes. The earliest depictions of dragons were called pig dragons – small jade sculptures featuring a pig’s head with a coiled body. Early versions looked more like a foetus, with the longer serpentine body becoming popular later. In Chinese culture, dragons are synonymous with water and are said to be the masters of rainfall, waterfalls, rivers and seas. This could partly explain their serpentine form as a swimming mechanism similar to an eel, or perhaps the wavy snake-like shape was a reason dragons became associated with water. Traditionally, it’s not only snakes that dragon depicters have borrowed from – there are many other anatomical resemblances found in Chinese dragons, including stag horns, carp scales, tiger feet and eagle claws.