Classification of Food Categories

NOVA 

The NOVA food classification system was developed by researchers at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. It classifies foods based on the extent and purpose of food processing, rather than on nutrients alone. This system is widely used in nutrition education, public health, and research.

Why is it called the NOVA classification?

The term “NOVA” comes from the Portuguese word nova, which means “new.” 

This name was chosen by Brazilian researchers to highlight the “new” way foods are produced and consumed in the modern world, especially the rapid rise of industrially processed and ultra-processed foods.

Key Reasons Behind the Name “NOVA”

1. Focus on new food processing methods

Traditional nutrition systems classified food mainly by nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats).

The NOVA system is new because it classifies food based on how much and why it is processed.

2. Attention to newly developed ultra-processed foods

Many modern foods—like instant noodles, soft drinks, packaged snacks—did not exist earlier.

The NOVA system was created to study the health impact of these new industrial foods.

3. Developed in Brazil (Portuguese language)

Since the system was developed by researchers in Brazil, the Portuguese word “NOVA” was naturally used.

In Simple Words

It is called NOVA because it offers a new perspective on food classification, emphasising modern food processing and its effects on health rather than just nutrients.

The Four NOVA Food Groups

🟢 Group 1: Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods

These are natural foods altered very little after harvesting or slaughtering. Processing aims only to preserve or prepare them.

Examples: 

* Fresh fruits and vegetables

* Whole grains (rice, wheat, millets)

* Pulses and legumes

* Milk, curd, plain yogurt

* Eggs, fresh meat, fish

* Nuts and seeds

Purpose of processing: Cleaning, drying, grinding, freezing, boiling

🟡 Group 2: Processed Culinary Ingredients

These are substances extracted from Group 1 foods or from nature and are used in cooking, not eaten alone.

Examples:

* Sugar

* Salt

* Honey

* Butter, ghee

* Vegetable oils

Purpose of processing: Pressing, refining, milling

🟠 Group 3: Processed Foods

These foods are made by adding salt, sugar, or oil to Group 1 foods. They usually have 2–3 ingredients.

Examples:

* Pickles

* Jam and jelly

* Cheese

* Freshly baked bread

* Salted nuts

* Canned fruits and vegetables

Purpose of processing: Preservation, enhancing taste

🔴 Group 4: Ultra-Processed Foods

These are industrially formulated products made mostly from substances extracted from foods, with additives. They are ready-to-eat or ready-to-heat.

Examples:

* Soft drinks and packaged juices

* Instant noodles

* Chips, biscuits, cakes

* Chocolates, ice cream

* Fast foods (burgers, pizza)

* Breakfast cereals (sweetened)

Common additives: Flavours, colours, emulsifiers, preservatives

Why is NOVA Classification Important?

● Helps identify unhealthy ultra-processed foods

● Encourages home-cooked, natural diets

● Useful in school health education and nutrition awareness

● Linked to studies on obesity, diabetes, and heart disease

Advantages and Disadvantages of Each NOVA Food Category

The NOVA classification helps us understand food not just by nutrients, but by how processing affects health, society, and lifestyle. Each group has its own benefits and limitations.

🟢 Group 1: Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods

Advantages

✔ Rich in natural nutrients like vitamins, minerals, fibre, and antioxidants

✔ Support good digestion and immunity

✔ Lower risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease

✔ Promote traditional diets and local foods

✔ No harmful additives or artificial chemicals

Disadvantages

✘ Short shelf life (fresh fruits, vegetables, milk)

✘ Require time and effort for cleaning and cooking

✘ Seasonal availability may limit access to some foods

🟡 Group 2: Processed Culinary Ingredients

Advantages

✔ Essential for cooking and food preparation

✔ Improve taste, texture, and aroma of meals

✔ Help meet energy needs (oils, ghee, sugar)

✔ Enable home cooking, reducing dependence on packaged foods

Disadvantages

✘ High intake can lead to health problems

Excess salt → high blood pressure

Excess sugar → obesity, diabetes

Excess fats → heart disease

✘ Not meant to be consumed on their own

🟠 Group 3: Processed Foods

Advantages

✔ Longer shelf life than fresh foods

✔ Convenient and easy to store

✔ Usually made with few ingredients

✔ Can still retain some nutritional value

✔ Useful during travel or emergencies

Disadvantages

✘ Often contain high salt or sugar

✘ Regular consumption may reduce intake of fresh foods

✘ May encourage preference for strong flavours

🔴 Group 4: Ultra-Processed Foods

Advantages

✔ Very convenient (ready-to-eat or ready-to-heat)

✔ Attractive taste and appearance

✔ Long shelf life

✔ Easily available and affordable

Disadvantages

✘ High in salt, sugar, unhealthy fats

✘ Low in dietary fibre and micronutrients

✘ Contain artificial colours, flavours, preservatives

✘ Increase risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease

✘ Can cause addiction-like eating habits

✘ Replace traditional home-cooked meals

🌱 Overall Message of NOVA

More Group 1 foods → Better health

Use Group 2 ingredients in moderation

Limit Group 3 foods

Avoid frequent consumption of Group 4 foods

✨ Do You Know?

● The NOVA system is used by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in nutrition studies.

● Diets rich in Group 1 foods are associated with better overall health.

● Ultra-processed foods are often high in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats.

● The NOVA classification was introduced in 2009 by Brazilian nutrition researcher Carlos A. Monteiro and his team.

● The system helps people understand why some foods are harmful even if they seem nutritious on the label.

● Countries with diets high in ultra-processed foods show higher rates of lifestyle diseases.

● Traditional Indian meals mainly belong to Group 1 and Group 2, making them naturally healthier.

The Temple of Eternal Flames

JWALA JI MANDIR, HIMACHAL PRADESH🔥

Jwala Ji Mandir, also known as Jwalamukhi Temple, is one of the most revered Hindu pilgrimage sites in Himachal Pradesh. Located in the Kangra district, this sacred temple is dedicated to Goddess Jwala Devi, a powerful form of Shakti. What makes this temple truly unique is that the goddess is worshipped not in the form of an idol, but as natural, ever-burning flames emerging from the earth.

Location and Setting: The temple is situated in the town of Jawalamukhi, nestled in the lower Himalayan ranges of the Shivalik Hills. Surrounded by scenic beauty, the temple attracts thousands of devotees throughout the year, especially during festival seasons.

Religious Significance: Jwala Ji Mandir is counted among the 51 Shakti Peethas, sacred sites associated with the legend of Goddess Sati. According to mythology, when Lord Shiva carried Sati’s body across the universe in grief, different parts of her body fell at various places on Earth. It is believed that Sati’s tongue fell at Jwala Ji, making it a highly sacred site.

The name “Jwala” means flame, and “Mukhi” means mouth—together symbolising the mouth of divine fire.

The Miracle of Eternal Flames: Unlike most temples, Jwala Ji Mandir has no idol in its sanctum. Instead, worship is offered to natural flames that continuously burn from cracks in the rock. These flames are considered manifestations of the goddess herself.

Traditionally, nine sacred flames (Nav Jyotis) are worshipped in the temple, each representing different aspects of the Divine Mother, such as Mahakali, Annapurna, Saraswati, Chamunda, Ambika etc.

These flames are believed to have been burning for centuries without interruption, adding to the temple’s mystical aura.

Historical Importance: Jwala Ji Mandir has been mentioned in ancient texts and has been a centre of worship for centuries. Several historical rulers are associated with the temple. Legends narrate that even Mughal emperor Akbar visited the shrine, and despite attempts to extinguish the flames, they continued to burn—reinforcing faith in their divine origin.

The present temple structure reflects a blend of traditional Hindu architecture and regional style.

Festivals and Celebrations

The temple comes alive during Navratri, celebrated twice a year:

● Chaitra Navratri (March–April)

● Sharad Navratri (September–October)

During these periods, large fairs are organised, and devotees from across India gather to seek the blessings of the goddess. Special prayers, aartis, and offerings mark the celebrations.

Do You Know?

● Jwala Ji Mandir is one of the few temples in the world where fire itself is worshipped.

● The flames are believed to burn without any fuel.

● The temple is an important spiritual centre for Shakti worshippers.

● Navratri fairs at Jwala Ji are among the largest religious gatherings in Himachal Pradesh.

Do you know

WHAT MAKES A PLANET?

Pluto 

Astronomers have always been fascinated by planets and eagerly search for them across the universe. However, what may come as a surprise is that defining a planet is not as simple or straightforward as it seems. Even today, scientists continue to debate what truly qualifies an object to be called a planet.

Origin of the Word ‘Planet’: The word planet comes from the Greek term planētes asteres, which means “wandering stars.” Ancient astronomers noticed that some bright objects in the night sky did not remain fixed like stars but moved slowly across the sky. These wandering lights were later identified as planets.

Early Attempts to Define a Planet: Over the years, astronomers have suggested various definitions of a planet based on different characteristics, such as:

● Size and mass

● Internal activity

● Shape and roundness

● Whether it orbits a star

As scientific knowledge advanced and new celestial bodies were discovered, the need for a clear and official definition became more important.

The IAU Definition (2006): In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) introduced an official definition of a planet. Although widely used today, it is not universally accepted by all astronomers.

According to the IAU, for an object in our Solar System to be called a planet, it must meet three conditions:

1. It must orbit the Sun.

2. It must be massive enough for its own gravity to make it nearly spherical in shape.

3. It must have cleared its orbital neighbourhood, meaning it must gravitationally dominate its region of space and remove or control other objects of comparable size.

Why Pluto Lost Its Planet Status: Pluto satisfied the first two conditions—it orbits the Sun and is nearly spherical. However, it failed the third condition. Pluto shares its orbit with many other objects in the Kuiper Belt and does not dominate its region of space.

As a result, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet, a decision that sparked widespread debate and public emotion.

Why the Definition Is Controversial: Despite its official status, the IAU definition has several problems and critics.

Orbital neighbourhoods are not always clear.

Earth and Jupiter both share their orbits with asteroids and smaller rocky bodies. By strict interpretation, they may not have fully cleared their zones either.

Neptune’s influence raises questions.

Some scientists argue that if Neptune had completely cleared its orbit, Pluto would not be found where it is today.

Distance from the Sun matters.

Planets farther from the Sun move more slowly and need to be much more massive to clear their orbital paths. This means a planet like Earth might not qualify as a planet if it were located in the outer Solar System.

Different stars, different outcomes.

Two identical planets orbiting two different stars could be classified differently due to variations in gravitational influence.

Intrinsic Properties vs Orbital Dynamics: Many astronomers believe the definition relies too heavily on orbital behaviour and not enough on a planet’s intrinsic properties, such as:

● Composition

● Internal structure

● Geological activity

They argue that a planet should be defined by what it is, not just where and how it moves.

Conclusion: The question “What makes a planet?” remains one of the most intriguing debates in modern astronomy. While the IAU definition provides a useful framework, it is not perfect and continues to be questioned. Pluto’s reclassification reminds us that science evolves with new discoveries, and definitions may change as our understanding of the universe deepens.

In astronomy, as in all sciences, asking questions is just as important as finding answers.

Do You Know?

● Pluto was considered the ninth planet for over 75 years before being reclassified.

● There are thousands of exoplanets discovered outside our Solar System, many of which challenge traditional definitions. 

A Lesson from the Buddha

LIVING IN THE PRESENT 

Once, while the Buddha was delivering a sermon, a man walked up to him and, without uttering a single word, spat on his face. The entire gathering was stunned. However, the Buddha remained calm and composed. He gently wiped his face and said with kindness,

“My friend, do you wish to say anything more?”

The man was taken aback. He had expected anger or punishment, not compassion. Being addressed as a friend shook him deeply. His rage slowly dissolved into shame, and without saying a word, he turned and walked away. The disciples, shocked and disturbed by the incident, looked to the Buddha, but he reassured them with his calm presence.

The next day, the same man returned. This time, his heart was heavy with remorse. Falling at the Buddha’s feet, he begged for forgiveness. The Buddha looked at him gently and said,

“My friend, yesterday you spat at me, and I wiped it away. That was the end of the matter. Much time has passed since then. Much water has flown under the bridge. Do not waste your present moment on what is already over. Live in the present.”

The Buddha’s words carried a profound truth. Our body always exists in the present, but our mind often clings to the past or worries about the future. True happiness lies in letting go of what has already happened and embracing the present moment.

Nature teaches us this lesson beautifully. During winter, trees shed their leaves, flowers wither away, and branches stand bare and lifeless. Birds disappear, and everything looks dull. But when spring arrives, tender green leaves sprout, colourful flowers bloom, and birds return with cheerful songs. The same trees that once looked dry and ugly become vibrant and full of life again. This renewal is possible only because the past season has been left behind.

Similarly, many of us keep reliving past regrets or anxiously imagining the future, forgetting to live in the present. If we do not let go of the past, it becomes a heavy burden, gradually draining our energy and peace of mind. To rise higher in life, we must release this unnecessary weight.

Alexander Graham Bell once said,

“When one door shuts, another door opens; but we often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door that we do not see the one which opens.”

Neither the past nor the future truly exists in the present moment. The future has not yet arrived, and the past survives only in our memories. What truly exists is now. When we learn to live fully in the present, life becomes lighter, calmer, and more meaningful.

The Sacred City of Cosmic Dance

CHIDAMBARAM 

Chidambaram is a renowned temple town located in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. Famous across India and the world, Chidambaram is celebrated for the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva in his cosmic dancing form, Nataraja. The town holds immense religious, cultural, and philosophical significance, especially in Shaivism.

Meaning of the Name ‘Chidambaram’

The word Chidambaram comes from two Tamil-Sanskrit words:

“Chit” meaning consciousness

“Ambaram” meaning space or sky

Thus, Chidambaram means “the space of consciousness”, symbolising the divine space where the Supreme Reality exists beyond form.

The Chidambaram Nataraja Temple: The Chidambaram Nataraja Temple is one of the most ancient and significant temples in India. It is believed to be over 1,000 years old, with major contributions by the Chola dynasty.

Lord Nataraja: Here, Lord Shiva is worshipped as Nataraja, the cosmic dancer, performing the Ananda Tandava (Dance of Bliss). This dance represents:

● Creation

● Preservation

● Destruction

● Illusion

● Liberation

The statue of Nataraja is not only a religious symbol but also a profound expression of science, philosophy, and art.

Chidambara Rahasyam – The Great Secret

One of the most unique features of the temple is the Chidambara Rahasyam (the Secret of Chidambaram). Instead of a physical idol, the sanctum contains empty space, symbolising the formless divine and the concept that God exists as pure consciousness.

This idea remarkably aligns with modern scientific thoughts about space and energy.

Pancha Bhoota Temple – Element of Space

Chidambaram is one of the Pancha Bhoota Sthalams, the five temples representing the five natural elements:

● Earth

● Water

● Fire

● Air

● Space (Akasha) – represented by Chidambaram

This makes the town spiritually significant among Shiva temples.

Architecture and Art

The temple complex is a masterpiece of Dravidian architecture. Some notable features include:

● Massive gopurams (tower gateways) with intricate carvings

● 108 dance poses of Bharatanatyam carved on the temple walls

● Vast temple halls like the Chit Sabha and Kanaka Sabha

The temple beautifully reflects the close relationship between temple architecture and classical Indian dance.

Chidambaram and Bharatanatyam: Chidambaram has a deep connection with Bharatanatyam, one of India’s oldest classical dance forms. The 108 dance postures carved on the temple walls serve as a visual guide for dancers, making the town especially sacred for classical artists.

Festivals Celebrated

Chidambaram hosts several grand festivals, attracting devotees from all over the country:

● Natyanjali Festival – a dance festival offering tributes to Lord Nataraja

● Arudra Darshanam – celebrating Shiva’s cosmic dance

● Brahmotsavam – marked by vibrant processions and rituals

These festivals blend devotion, art, and culture.

Educational and Cultural Importance: Apart from its religious value, Chidambaram is also known for its contribution to education and culture. The town has long been a centre for Sanskrit and Tamil learning, temple traditions, and performing arts.

Do You Know?

● The Chidambaram Temple is among the few temples where Shiva is worshipped in human form as a dancer.

● The concept of “empty space” in the sanctum reflects ideas similar to modern physics.

● The famous Nataraja statue is displayed at CERN, the world’s largest particle physics laboratory, symbolising the link between science and spirituality.

● Chidambaram is considered one of the holiest pilgrimage sites for Shaivites.

Conclusion: Chidambaram is not just a town; it is a living symbol of India’s spiritual depth, artistic excellence, and philosophical wisdom. With its unique worship of Lord Nataraja, the profound idea of formless divinity, and its close association with classical dance, Chidambaram continues to inspire devotees, scholars, artists, and seekers from across the world.

The Fluffy Sweet That Melts in the Mouth

COTTON CANDY 

Cotton candy is one of the most delightful and eye-catching sweets in the world. Light as a cloud and sweet as a dream, this colorful treat instantly brings joy to children and adults alike. Commonly seen at fairs, festivals, circuses, and amusement parks, cotton candy is more than just a sweet—it is a symbol of celebration and childhood happiness.

What Is Cotton Candy?

Cotton candy is a spun sugar confection made by heating sugar until it melts and then spinning it at high speed. The molten sugar is forced through tiny holes, where it cools instantly in the air and solidifies into fine, hair-like strands. These delicate sugar threads are collected on a stick or cone, forming a fluffy mass that looks like cotton—hence the name cotton candy.

A Brief History: Cotton candy was first introduced in the late 19th century. Interestingly, it was invented by a dentist, Dr. William Morrison, along with confectioner John C. Wharton. They showcased it at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis under the name “Fairy Floss.” The treat became hugely popular and soon spread across the world, acquiring different names in different countries.

Different Names Around the World

Cotton candy is known by various names across cultures:

● Fairy Floss – Australia and parts of Europe

● Candy Floss – United Kingdom

● Zuckerwatte – Germany

● Barbe à papa (Daddy’s beard) – France

● Buddhi ke Baal – India

Each name reflects the light, fluffy appearance of this sweet treat.

Why Does Cotton Candy Melt So Fast?

One of the most fascinating features of cotton candy is how quickly it melts in the mouth. This happens because it is made almost entirely of sugar with a lot of air trapped between the strands. When it touches saliva, the sugar dissolves instantly, leaving behind a burst of sweetness.

Is Cotton Candy Unhealthy?

Cotton candy is pure sugar, so it should be enjoyed in moderation. While it contains fewer calories by volume compared to many dense sweets, it has no vitamins, minerals, or fibre. Eating it occasionally as a treat is fine, but it should not be a regular part of one’s diet.

Cotton Candy in Popular Culture: Cotton candy often appears in movies, cartoons, and storybooks as a symbol of fun, fairs, and carefree childhood moments. Its bright colours—pink, blue, purple, and even rainbow shades—make it visually appealing and Instagram-worthy in modern times.

Do You Know? 

● Cotton candy is about 90% air, which makes it look big but weigh very little.

● A large serving of cotton candy usually contains only one tablespoon of sugar.

● Cotton candy machines can spin sugar at speeds of over 3,000 revolutions per minute.

● Though it looks like a lot, cotton candy often has fewer calories than a chocolate bar.

Conclusion: Cotton candy is a magical sweet that combines science, art, and joy. From its cloud-like appearance to its instant melt-in-the-mouth experience, it continues to charm people of all ages. Whether enjoyed at a village fair or a modern carnival, cotton candy remains a timeless symbol of happiness and celebration.

The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha

GANESH VASUDEV MAVALANKAR 

Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, affectionately called Dadasaheb, the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha, laid the foundation of India’s vibrant parliamentary democracy.

Early Life and Education: Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar was born on 27 November 1888 in Baroda (now Vadodara), Gujarat. From an early age, he displayed deep interest in public affairs, civic responsibility and education. His strong academic grounding and commitment to social service laid the foundation for his future roles as a leader and nation-builder.

Role in the Constituent Assembly: Before India became a republic, Mavalankar played a key role in shaping the legislative framework of the nation. He served as the President of the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) from 1946 to 1947, guiding the Assembly with dignity, fairness, and deep constitutional understanding.

First Speaker of the Lok Sabha: After India adopted its Constitution, G. V. Mavalankar became the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha. His leadership set high standards of parliamentary conduct and procedure. Jawaharlal Nehru respectfully called him the “Father of the Lok Sabha”, acknowledging his immense contribution in establishing the traditions, discipline, and functioning of India’s parliamentary system.

His tenure ensured that debates remained healthy, democratic values were upheld, and the dignity of the House was maintained—principles still followed today.

Association with the Freedom Movement: Mavalankar’s political journey began when he joined the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. His dedication and organisational skills earned him the position of Secretary of the Gujarat Provincial Congress Committee in 1921–22. He remained a trusted worker of the Congress in Gujarat and participated actively in the freedom struggle.

Contribution to Education and Social Causes: Mavalankar firmly believed that education was the backbone of nation-building. He co-founded the Ahmedabad Education Society and was closely associated with Gujarat Vidyapith, both established with the goal of providing nationalistic and value-based education. He worked alongside stalwarts like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Mahatma Gandhi in promoting educational reforms.

In addition, he founded the National Rifle Association and the Institute for Afro-Asian Relations, both of which aimed at enhancing national capability and global cooperation.

Literary Contributions: Apart from his political and educational achievements, Mavalankar was also a thoughtful writer. His works—Manavatana Jharna, Sansmarano, and A Great Experiment—reflect his deep commitment to democracy, humanism, and the idea of India as a progressive nation.

Legacy: Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar passed away in 1956, but his legacy continues to inspire India’s lawmakers and citizens. The values he stood for—integrity, discipline, patriotism, and democratic ethics—remain cornerstones of the Indian parliamentary tradition.