A Pioneer of Indian Botany

 JANAKI AMMAL 

Dr. Janaki Ammal Edavaleth Kakkat (1897–1984) was an Indian botanist, geneticist, and cytologist who is remembered as a pioneer in her field and a trailblazer for women in science in India. Her remarkable life combined path-breaking scientific research, an independent spirit, and a deep commitment to nature conservation.

Early Life and Education: Janaki Ammal was born on November 4, 1897, in Tellicherry (now Thalassery), Kerala, into a family that valued education. Unlike many women of her time, she chose a scholarly life over marriage—a courageous decision in the early 20th century.

She completed her bachelor’s degree at Queen Mary’s College, Chennai, followed by a B.A. (Hons.) in Botany from Presidency College in 1921. She began her career teaching at the Women’s Christian College, Madras.

Her academic brilliance won her a Barbour Scholarship to the University of Michigan, USA, where she earned a Master’s degree in 1925. She later returned to Michigan as the first Oriental Barbour Fellow and completed her D.Sc. in 1931, becoming one of the first Indian women to receive a Ph.D. in the United States.

Scientific Contributions:

🌱 Cytogenetics and Plant Genetics: Janaki Ammal specialised in cytogenetics—the study of chromosomes and inheritance. Her research improved the scientific understanding of plant evolution and genetics.

🌱 Sugarcane Research: Her most celebrated work was at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute in Coimbatore, where she studied chromosome numbers and cross-bred varieties of sugarcane. She developed a high-yielding, sweeter variety of sugarcane suited for India’s climate. This earned her the title “The Woman Who Sweetened India’s Sugarcane” and helped India become self-sufficient in sugar production. She also proved that Saccharum spontaneum, a sugarcane species, originated in India.

🌱 Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants (1945): While working at the John Innes Horticultural Institution in England, she co-authored this landmark reference book with C.D. Darlington. It remains an invaluable resource for plant breeders and geneticists worldwide.

🌱 Magnolias and Ornamentals: At the Royal Horticultural Society, UK, she worked on the cytogenetics of ornamental plants, particularly magnolias. By using the chemical colchicine, she created new tetraploid varieties. The Magnolia Kobus Janaki Ammal, named after her, remains a living tribute to her contributions.

🌱 Other Research: Her studies extended to eggplant, bamboo, medicinal plants, and many other economically important species. Her work deepened the scientific world’s understanding of plant evolution and diversity.

Career and Conservation Work: In the 1950s, after returning to India, Janaki Ammal was appointed as the first Director of the Central Botanical Laboratory of the Government of India in Lucknow. She later served as the Director-General of the Botanical Survey of India and as Scientific Advisor to the Government of India.

She was also a passionate environmentalist. She played a key role in the “Save Silent Valley” movement in Kerala, which protected one of India’s most precious tropical forests from destruction by a hydroelectric project.

Recognition and Legacy:

Padma Shri (1977) – Awarded by the Government of India for her outstanding contribution to science.

E.K. Janaki Ammal National Award (1999) – Instituted by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change in her honour, awarded for excellence in taxonomy and biodiversity studies.

Several plant species, including Magnolia Kobus Janaki Ammal, bear her name.

Dr. Janaki Ammal never married, dedicating her entire life to science and conservation. She passed away in 1984, but her green legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists and students alike.

Conclusion: Dr. Janaki Ammal was more than a botanist—she was a visionary scientist, conservationist, and a role model for women breaking barriers in male-dominated fields. From sweetening India’s sugarcane to saving its forests, her life was a testimony to how science, when combined with passion, can transform society.

Australia’s Sacred Rock

ULURU 

Uluru, also known in the past as Ayers Rock, is one of the most famous natural landmarks in Australia. It is a giant sandstone rock formation that rises dramatically from the flat desert in the Northern Territory.

Key facts about Uluru:

Height: About 348 metres tall (taller than the Eiffel Tower!).

Length: Around 3.6 kilometres long.

Age: Scientists believe it formed more than 500 million years ago.

Colour: It appears to change colours during the day – from red to orange to purple – depending on the sunlight.

Cultural Importance: 

For the Anangu people, the Aboriginal community of the area, Uluru is a sacred site. They believe it was created by ancestral beings during the Dreamtime, their spiritual creation period. Many caves and rock paintings around Uluru tell their ancient stories.

Name and History: 

The word Uluru comes from the Anangu language and is the original name of the rock. It does not have a direct English translation, but it is the proper Aboriginal name for this sacred place.

When Europeans arrived, they renamed it Ayers Rock in 1873 after Sir Henry Ayers, a British official.

In 1985, the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the Anangu people. Since then, its official name is Uluru, and Ayers Rock is rarely used today.

Modern Recognition: 

Uluru is part of the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Climbing Uluru was once common, but since 2019 it has been banned out of respect for the Anangu people’s wishes.

Today, visitors can walk around its base, learn Aboriginal stories, and enjoy its breathtaking beauty.

Why is Uluru special?

It is one of the world’s largest monoliths (a single large rock).

It is both a natural wonder and a spiritual symbol of Australia.

Many people call it the “SPIRITUAL HEART OF AUSTRALIA ”, and some even describe it poetically as the “CENTRE OF THE UNIVERSE ” because of its energy and sacred importance.

✨Uluru teaches us to respect both nature and culture. Some places are not just beautiful—they are sacred, carrying the wisdom of ancient people.

The ancient martial art of Kerala

KALARIPAYATTU 

Introduction: Kalaripayattu, often hailed as the “mother of all martial arts,” is one of the oldest fighting systems in the world. It originated in Kerala, a state on the southwestern coast of India, and is deeply intertwined with the region’s history, culture, and mythology. More than just a combat technique, Kalaripayattu is a holistic discipline that combines physical training, weapon mastery, healing traditions, and spiritual practice.

Etymology and History: 

The word Kalaripayattu comes from two Malayalam words:

Kalari – meaning “training ground” or “battlefield.”

Payattu – meaning “fight” or “practice.”

While the exact origins are debated, references to martial training appear as early as the Sangam period (3rd century BCE – 3rd century CE) and in the Dhanurveda, an ancient Indian text on warfare.

Tradition attributes its creation to sage Parashurama, who is believed to have reclaimed the land of Kerala from the sea and trained its people in martial discipline.

By the 11th and 12th centuries, Kalaripayattu had become a vital part of Kerala’s socio-political system, with local rulers and chieftains maintaining trained warriors.

Training was not limited to a single caste—Nairs, Ezhavas, Muslims, and Christians all practiced and mastered the art.

Many scholars also argue that Kalaripayattu influenced martial traditions in Asia, including the development of Chinese martial arts carried by Buddhist monks and travelers.

Styles of Kalaripayattu:

Over time, Kalaripayattu evolved into regional variations, the most prominent being:

1. Vadakkan Kalari (Northern Style)

Origin: Malabar region (North Kerala).

Known for graceful, flowing movements, dynamic footwork, and acrobatics.

Emphasis on a wide range of weapons, agility, and high jumps.

2. Thekkan Kalari (Southern Style)

Origin: Travancore region (South Kerala).

Focuses on powerful strikes, free-hand combat, and marma (vital point) techniques.

Movements are compact, forceful, and direct, with devastating applications.

Some traditions also mention Madhya Kalari (Central Style), which combines elements of both northern and southern systems.

Stages of Training:

Training in Kalaripayattu is systematic, progressing from physical fitness to mastery of advanced weaponry. The four main stages are:

1. Meythari (Meyppayattu) – Body conditioning

Stretching, kicks, jumps, and strengthening exercises.

Emphasis on balance, flexibility, and animal-inspired postures (vadivukal) such as the elephant, lion, and snake.

2. Kolthari (Kolpayattu) – Wooden weapons

Training with long staff (kettukari), short stick (kuruvadi), and curved stick (otti).

3. Angathari (Aayudha Abhyasam) – Metal weapons

Mastery of sword and shield, spear, dagger, and the legendary Urumi (a flexible, whip-like sword unique to Kalaripayattu).

4. Verumkai (Adikkai) – Bare-handed combat

Grappling, strikes, joint locks, throws, and pressure point attacks.

Deep knowledge of the body’s 108 marma points (vital spots) used for both healing and self-defense.

The Kalari (Training Ground):

The Kalari is not just a gym but a sacred space. Traditionally:

It is built according to Vastu Shastra (Hindu architectural science).

Usually, a rectangular pit is dug below ground level, covered with a thatched roof.

The training begins with salutations to deities and the Guru, symbolising discipline and humility.

Healing and Ayurveda:

Kalaripayattu is closely linked with Ayurveda and Kalari Chikitsa (traditional therapy).

Practitioners use herbal medicines and therapeutic massages for injury recovery.

Marma therapy helps in balancing energy points, relieving pain, and enhancing flexibility.

Thus, the system is not only combative but also restorative and holistic.

Philosophy and Cultural Influence:

Kalaripayattu teaches discipline, respect, courage, and mindfulness.

Movements from Kalari have influenced Kerala’s classical dances, such as Kathakali and Mohiniyattam, in terms of posture, strength, and expressions.

Today, it is performed both as a martial art and a cultural showcase for Kerala’s heritage.

Modern Relevance:

Though once associated with warfare, Kalaripayattu now thrives as:

A martial art for self-defense and fitness.

A performance art in festivals and tourism programs.

A tool for mental focus and meditation.

A healing practice integrated with yoga and Ayurveda.

Conclusion: Kalaripayattu is not merely about fighting; it is a way of life that harmonises the body, mind, and spirit. With its blend of combat, healing, and philosophy, it remains one of India’s greatest cultural treasures. Rooted in Kerala yet global in its influence, Kalaripayattu continues to inspire martial artists, performers, and health enthusiasts around the world.

Worship of the Cosmic Sages

 RISHI PANCHAMI 

Introduction: The Sapta Rishis (Seven Great Sages) are revered as eternal guides of wisdom, discipline, and dharma. They are described as the mind-born sons (manasaputras) of Brahma, entrusted with preserving knowledge and sustaining cosmic order.

What makes them unique is their dual presence. In mythology, they are revered sages, authors of scriptures, and teachers of gods and kings. In the cosmos, they shine eternally as the seven stars of the Ursa Major (Big Dipper) constellation, serving as celestial beacons. Just as sailors use stars for direction, seekers of truth look to the Sapta Rishis for spiritual guidance.

Names of the Saptarishis

​The names of the Saptarishis can vary across different Hindu texts and epochs (Manvantaras). However, a common and widely accepted list for the current Manvantara (the period of time ruled by a Manu) includes:

1. ​Vashistha: Known as a royal priest to King Dasharatha (the father of Lord Rama), he is a symbol of truth, compassion, and the power of prayer.
2. ​Vishwamitra: Initially a king who rose to the status of a Brahmarishi through his intense penance. He is credited with discovering the sacred Gayatri Mantra.
3. ​Bharadvaja: A renowned scholar and the father of Dronacharya, the guru of the Pandavas and Kauravas in the Mahabharata. He is credited with authoring parts of the Rigveda.
4. ​Gautama Maharishi: Known for his righteousness and for discovering Sanskrit mantras. He is also mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
5. ​Atri: A revered sage known for his deep penance and wisdom. His wife, Anasuya, is an embodiment of purity.
6. ​Jamadagni: The father of Parashurama, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. He is known for his austere lifestyle and deep spiritual discipline.
7. ​Kashyapa: A cornerstone of Hindu cosmology, he is regarded as the father of the Devas (gods), Asuras (demons), Nagas, and all of humanity.

​Other lists may include names like Marichi, Angiras, Pulaha, Pulastya, and Kratu, particularly in texts like the Mahabharata and the Brihat Samhita.

Mythological Importance: The Sapta Rishis are regarded as the seers of the Vedas, transmitting eternal truths to humanity.

They served as gurus of kings, gods, and even avatars, ensuring the continuity of dharma.

Many dynasties and lineages trace their origin to them, making them the patriarchs of civilisation.

Their lives show that even sages faced human struggles, yet rose above them through penance and wisdom.

Cosmic Importance: 

1. Stars of Ursa Major: They shine as the seven stars of the Big Dipper constellation, symbolising their eternal presence.

2. Keepers of Time: In each manvantara (cosmic age), a new set of Sapta Rishis is appointed to guide creation, linking them with the cosmic cycle of time.

3. Guides Across Ages: Just as sailors use stars to navigate seas, humanity uses the Rishis’ wisdom to navigate life and spiritual growth.

Rishi Panchami: A Festival in Their Honour

The greatness of the Sapta Rishis is celebrated in the festival of Rishi Panchami, observed on the fifth day of Shukla Paksha in Bhadrapada (August–September).

Purpose: To honour the Sapta Rishis and seek their blessings for purification and wisdom.

Observance: Devotees, especially women, fast on this day, bathe in holy rivers, and worship the Sapta Rishis with offerings of flowers and fruits.

Belief: Observing this vrat (fast) is said to cleanse sins and impurities, granting spiritual merit.

Meaning: It reflects society’s gratitude to the Rishis for preserving knowledge and guiding humanity.

Conclusion: The Sapta Rishis are not just sages of the past; they are eternal symbols of wisdom in both mythology and the cosmos. Their stories reveal lessons of devotion, discipline, justice, transformation, and balance, while their presence as stars reminds us of their timeless guidance.

Through the celebration of Rishi Panchami, devotees continue to honour them, showing that their legacy is alive even today. Whether in the scriptures, the stars, or the human heart, the Sapta Rishis remain cosmic beacons of truth, discipline, and dharma—guiding humanity across the ages.

A blueprint for balanced living

UNDERSTANDING LORD GANESHA 

Lord Ganesha, one of the most beloved and widely worshipped deities in Hinduism, is a figure rich with symbolic meaning. Known as Vighnaharta (the remover of obstacles) and Ganapati (Lord of the multitudes), Ganesha is invoked at the beginning of every new journey, ritual, or venture. Beyond devotion, his unique form and stories hold profound philosophical and spiritual significance, offering lessons on wisdom, balance, and self-realisation.

1. The Physical Form: 

● Large head and ears: Ganesha’s large head symbolises wisdom, intellect, and the ability to think beyond limitations. His big ears remind us to listen attentively—not only to others but also to our inner voice. They embody the practice of Śravaṇa (listening), the first step on the path of spiritual learning.

● Small mouth and eyes: His small mouth signifies the need to speak less and think more, encouraging mindful use of words. The small eyes reflect concentration and focus, representing Dhyana (meditation) and the importance of inner vision.

● Single tusk (Ekadanta): The broken tusk symbolises the ability to rise above duality, to overcome ego, and to pursue higher knowledge. Mythologically, Ganesha broke his tusk to write the Mahabharata as Sage Vyasa dictated—signifying sacrifice for the sake of wisdom.

● Trunk: The elephant’s trunk is both strong and delicate. It represents adaptability—the ability to be firm when required and flexible when needed—teaching us to balance strength with gentleness.

● Large belly: Ganesha’s big belly reflects his capacity to absorb life’s dualities—joy and sorrow—with equanimity. It symbolises contentment, patience, and the ability to digest diverse experiences.

● Four arms and the objects He holds: The four arms represent the four inner faculties of the mind:

Manas (mind/thought)

Buddhi (intellect/reason)

Ahamkara (ego/self-identity)

Chitta (consciousness/memory)

● In his hands, Ganesha carries symbolic objects: Ankusa (goad): To guide and discipline the mind, removing ignorance.

● Pasha (noose): Symbol of worldly attachments, reminding us to rise above them.

● Modaka (sweet): The bliss of self-realisation and the rewards of spiritual practice.

● Broken Tusk: Symbol of sacrifice and detachment from ego.

● Abhaya Mudra (hand blessing): Assurance of protection and divine grace.

● The Mouse (Mushika) – His vehicle

The mouse symbolises the ego and restless desires that can destroy like a gnawing rodent. By making the mouse his vehicle, Ganesha shows mastery over desires and teaches us to control rather than be controlled by them.

2. The Role of Vighnaharta: The Remover of Obstacles

Ganesha’s most cherished role is that of the remover of obstacles. These are not just external challenges but also internal barriers—ignorance, ego, and attachment—that hinder spiritual growth. Worshipping Ganesha at the beginning of any endeavour is symbolic of seeking clarity, courage, and wisdom to overcome hurdles on the path ahead.

3. The Union of the Elephant and the Man: Ganesha’s form—an elephant head on a human body—is itself a profound symbol. The elephant head represents Brahman, the ultimate cosmic reality, while the human body represents Jiva, the individual soul. Their union signifies the potential of every human being to realise their divine nature and attain cosmic consciousness.

4. The Symbolism of Ganesha Chaturthi: The festival of Ganesha Chaturthi is filled with symbolic meaning. The idol of Ganesha is created, worshipped, and later immersed in water. This ritual represents the cycle of creation and dissolution, reminding devotees of the impermanence of material existence and the eternal nature of the spirit. The immersion symbolises returning divine energy back to the cosmos.

Conclusion: Lord Ganesha’s form is a tapestry of symbolism—each feature imparting timeless lessons. His image teaches us to:

* Think deeply and listen wisely.

* Speak less but with mindfulness.

* Balance strength with humility.

* Control desires and ego.

* Accept life’s dualities with patience.

Thus, Ganesha is not merely the God of beginnings, but a philosophical guide to balanced living and self-realisation. By contemplating his symbolic aspects, we move closer to understanding the essence of eternal thought and the path to inner freedom.

The spark of the first war of independence

MANGAL PANDEY (1827–1857) 

An Indian soldier whose courage and defiance against British rule became the spark that ignited the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, was Mangal Pandey. His fearless act at Barrackpore symbolised the growing discontent among Indian soldiers and turned him into one of the earliest martyrs of India’s freedom struggle.

Early life and military service: Mangal Pandey was born on 19 July 1827 in Nagwa village, Ballia district, in present-day Uttar Pradesh, into a Brahmin family. In 1849, at the age of 22, he was recruited into the army of the British East India Company and served as a sepoy (soldier) in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry regiment.

Life in the British army was far from fair. Indian sepoys faced discrimination, low pay, and cultural humiliation. Despite these hardships, they remained loyal until a new weapon changed everything.

The Catalytic Event: 29 March 1857

The immediate cause of unrest was the introduction of the new Enfield P-53 rifle. Its cartridges were rumoured to be greased with cow and pig fat—deeply offensive to Hindus (who regard the cow as sacred) and Muslims (who consider the pig impure). To use the rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridges, which meant violating their religious beliefs.

On 29 March 1857, at the Barrackpore parade ground near Calcutta (now Kolkata), Mangal Pandey could no longer contain his anger. He openly urged fellow sepoys to rise against the British officers. In his fury, he attacked and wounded Lieutenant Henry Baugh and Sergeant-Major James Hewson. However, when his comrades hesitated to support him, he tried to end his life with his musket but only wounded himself. He was then overpowered and arrested.

Trial and Execution: Mangal Pandey was court-martialed and sentenced to death. His execution was originally set for 18 April 1857, but fearing that delaying it might spark a bigger revolt, the British advanced the date. On 8 April 1857, he was hanged at Barrackpore, becoming one of the earliest martyrs of India’s freedom struggle.

Legacy: Though his act was a solitary one, its impact was immense. Within a month of his execution, the rebellion broke out in Meerut on 10 May 1857, spreading rapidly across North and Central India. The uprising marked the end of the British East India Company’s rule and eventually led to India coming under the direct control of the British Crown.

Mangal Pandey is remembered as a national hero and the forerunner of India’s independence movement. His courage and sacrifice inspired generations of Indians to fight against colonial rule. Monuments, stamps, books, and films continue to honour his legacy, ensuring that his name remains etched in the history of India’s freedom struggle.

Conclusion: Mangal Pandey’s defiance at Barrackpore was not just a personal act of rebellion but the spark that lit the flame of India’s First War of Independence. His fearless sacrifice reminds us that even a single individual, driven by courage and conviction, can change the course of history.

Japan’s Gift to Global Storytelling

ANIME 

Anime is a distinct style of hand-drawn and computer-generated animation originating in Japan. While in Japan the term “anime” refers to all forms of animation, internationally it specifically denotes Japanese animation. Over the decades, anime has evolved into a diverse and influential medium that has captivated global audiences with its imaginative visuals, emotional storytelling, and cultural depth.

Key Characteristics of Anime

● Distinct Art Style: Anime is renowned for its colorful and detailed graphics, with particular emphasis on background scenery and visual atmosphere. Unlike Western animation, which often prioritizes constant fluid motion, anime focuses on dramatic visuals and stylistic choices. A signature feature is the use of large, expressive eyes that convey deep emotions, paired with unique hairstyles and vibrant aesthetics.

● Diverse Genres and Themes: Anime is not limited to one age group or purpose. It covers a broad spectrum of genres ranging from comedy, romance, fantasy, and adventure to darker, more philosophical narratives. Unlike much of Western animation, which has traditionally been aimed at children, anime offers content for everyone—from young kids to mature adults.

● Wide Range of Target Demographics: Anime is often classified based on its target audience:

Shonen: Created for young boys, featuring action, adventure, courage, and friendship (Naruto, One Piece, Bleach).

Shoujo: Made for young girls, focusing on romance, drama, and emotional growth (Sailor Moon, Fruits Basket).

Seinen: Geared toward adult men, often with darker or more complex plots (Berserk, Monster).

Josei: Designed for adult women, portraying realistic life, mature relationships, and struggles (Nana).

● Narrative Depth: One of anime’s strongest appeals lies in its world-building and emotional richness. Many series explore psychological, philosophical, and moral dilemmas, making them far more layered than typical animated shows. This narrative complexity is a key reason anime resonates so deeply with both casual viewers and dedicated fans.

A Brief History of Anime: Anime traces its roots to the early 20th century, when Japanese creators experimented with animation inspired by Western works. The industry truly flourished after World War II, with Osamu Tezuka—fondly called the “Father of Anime”—leading the way. His creation, Astro Boy (1963), was among the first anime series broadcast on television, sparking Japan’s golden age of animation.

Over time, anime expanded into films and international markets, with Studio Ghibli’s works such as Spirited Away and Princess Mononoke setting new standards in global animation. By the 21st century, with the rise of streaming platforms, anime became more accessible worldwide, cementing its place as a cultural phenomenon.

Popular and Influential Anime: 

● Studio Ghibli Classics: Masterpieces like My Neighbour Totoro, Spirited Away, and Howl’s Moving Castle are celebrated for their breathtaking animation and timeless storytelling.

● The “Big Three” Shonen: Naruto, One Piece, and Bleach dominated anime culture for decades, inspiring generations of fans.

● Modern Hits: 

Titles like Attack on Titan, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, and Jujutsu Kaisen have achieved mainstream success worldwide, praised for their high-quality animation and intense battles.

● Groundbreaking Series: Dragon Ball Z, Neon Genesis Evangelion, and Cowboy Bebop are considered classics that shaped anime’s identity and expanded its global reach.

Cultural Impact of Anime: Anime’s influence extends far beyond television and film. It has shaped global pop culture, inspiring fashion, music, art, and even Hollywood films. Cosplay events, anime conventions, and fan art communities showcase the worldwide enthusiasm for this medium. Moreover, anime often introduces international audiences to aspects of Japanese culture—traditions, values, and mythology—making it both entertaining and educational.

Conclusion: Anime is much more than a form of entertainment. It is an art form, a storytelling tradition, and a cultural bridge that connects Japan to the world. With its diversity of genres, emotional depth, and imaginative power, anime continues to inspire, educate, and entertain millions across the globe. From the classics of the past to the groundbreaking series of today, anime’s journey proves that animation has no limits—only infinite possibilities.

The Forest Giraffe

OKAPI 

The okapi is a rare and fascinating animal that looks like a mix between a giraffe and a zebra. It has a long neck like a giraffe and beautiful black-and-white stripes on its legs, which make it resemble a zebra. In reality, the okapi is the giraffe’s closest living relative.

Where Do Okapis Live? 

Okapis are found only in one place on Earth – the Ituri Rainforest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa. They live deep in the forest, where tall trees, thick plants, and quiet surroundings keep them safe. Because of this secretive lifestyle, scientists only discovered okapis in 1901, even though local people knew about them for centuries.

Appearance and Special Features: Okapis have reddish-brown, oily fur that helps keep them dry in the rain.

The white stripes on their legs work like camouflage, helping them blend into the forest shadows.

They have a long, blue tongue (up to 18 inches long!) which helps them pull leaves from tall trees and even clean their ears and eyes.

Males have small horns called ossicones, while females usually don’t.

Diet and Eating Habits: Okapis are herbivores. They eat leaves, buds, fruits, ferns, and fungi. They are known to consume more than 27 kilograms of food every day. Sometimes, they also eat clay and even bat droppings to get important minerals and salts missing from their leafy diet.

Family and Behaviour: Okapis are solitary animals, meaning they prefer living alone.

They are very territorial and use scent from their hooves to mark their area.

Mother okapis hide their babies in the forest for weeks after birth to protect them from predators. Interestingly, baby okapis don’t poop for the first month – this helps keep their hiding spots secret.

Okapis communicate with low sounds that humans cannot hear, a way of “talking” safely in the forest.

Threats and Conservation: Sadly, okapis are endangered. Their rainforest home is being destroyed due to deforestation, mining, and farming. They are also hunted by poachers. To protect them, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has declared the okapi its national animal and created protected reserves like the Okapi Wildlife Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Fun Facts: 

● Okapis are sometimes called the “African unicorn” because of their shy nature and mysterious appearance.

● Their closest relative is the giraffe, not the zebra, despite their stripes.

● An okapi can live up to 20–30 years in captivity.

Conclusion: The okapi is a truly unique creature of the African rainforest. With its zebra-like stripes, giraffe-like body, and shy personality, it reminds us of how diverse and amazing nature can be. Protecting the okapi also means protecting the rainforest, which is home to countless other plants and animals.

The happiness formula

KICK OUT THE 3 EVIL C’s, WELCOME THE 3 POSITIVE P’s

Happiness is something all of us seek, but very often we unknowingly block our own path to it. One big reason is the kind of energy we give and receive in our daily lives. Our interactions—what we say, how we react, and how we behave—deeply affect both ourselves and others. While we all want positive energy from people around us, we often forget that our own actions also send out energy that either uplifts or drains others.

To truly become positive, we must consciously get rid of the three evil C’s: Complain, Compare, and Criticise. These three habits not only spoil relationships but also reduce our own happiness and peace of mind.

What are the three evil C’s?

The three evil C’s—complain, compare, and criticise—are habits that trap us in negativity. When these dominate our thoughts and actions:

● We start competing unnecessarily with friends, peers, and relatives.

● We complain about situations rather than working towards solutions.

● We criticise people instead of supporting them.

These behaviours may seem small, but they silently damage our friendships, lower our confidence, disturb our focus, and add unnecessary pressure to life.

1. What is Complaining?

Complaining is expressing dissatisfaction about things, often without taking steps to improve them. It’s easy to complain, but it doesn’t solve the problem—it only amplifies our frustration.

Life is full of unexpected situations, and not everything will go as planned. The real test is how we respond:

■ Do we complain endlessly, focusing on the negatives?

■ Or do we adapt, stay calm, and try to find solutions?

People who complain constantly fail to see opportunities. On the other hand, those who learn to accept and adjust radiate positivity and inspire others.

2. What is Comparing?

Comparison is natural—we all do it. Sometimes it’s even useful, like comparing products before buying the best one. But when it comes to people, comparison can be harmful.

Each individual is unique. When we compare ourselves with others—whether it’s marks, skills, looks, or achievements—we only bring unhappiness. Someone will always be better at something, and that’s okay.Instead of comparing, we should:

■ Focus on our own strengths.

■ Celebrate our uniqueness.

■ Work on developing our talents.

Remember: Your biggest competitor is not someone else, but the person you were yesterday.

3. What is Criticising?

Criticism, when negative, is the most harmful of the three C’s. It is about finding faults in others, pulling them down, or making their efforts look small.

Often, criticism stems from jealousy or insecurity. For example:

■ A friend scores better in a test—you dismiss it as luck instead of appreciating their hard work.

■ A classmate joins dance classes—you laugh at their mistakes instead of encouraging their enthusiasm.

Such behavior damages trust, friendships, and confidence. Constructive feedback is healthy, but destructive criticism spreads only negativity.

How to Get Rid of the Three Evil C’s?

The good news is that these habits can be changed. Here’s how:

1. Replace Complaining with Gratitude:

Instead of focusing on what’s wrong, think about what’s right. A gratitude journal—writing down three good things every day—can train your mind to see positives.

2. Replace Comparing with Self-Improvement:

Compete with yourself, not others. Set personal goals and measure your progress. This way, every achievement, however small, feels meaningful.

3. Replace Criticising with Encouragement:

Encourage and appreciate people for their efforts. A simple “Well done!” or “Keep going, you’re improving!” can make someone’s day and strengthen bonds.

Final Thoughts: The three evil C’s—complain, compare, and criticise—might seem harmless in the moment, but over time they steal our peace, positivity, and happiness. By consciously avoiding them, we not only become better individuals but also spread positivity in our families, classrooms, and communities.

Life is too short to waste on negativity. Choose gratitude over complaints, self-growth over comparisons, and encouragement over criticism. In doing so, you’ll find that happiness isn’t something you chase—it’s something you create.

✨ Happiness begins when we let go of the three evil C’s and embrace the three positive P’s: Peace, Progress, and Positivity.

Colours and Their Associations

COLOUR SYNAESTHESIA 

Colours are more than just visual experiences – they hold powerful meanings and associations that influence our emotions, behaviour, and even memory. From the vibrant energy of red to the calm trust of blue, every colour carries a psychological impact.

Colours and what they symbolise

● Red – Excitement, strength, love, energy

● Orange – Confidence, success, bravery, sociability

● Yellow – Creativity, happiness, warmth, cheer

● Green – Nature, healing, freshness, quality

● Blue – Trust, peace, loyalty, competence

● Purple – Royalty, luxury, spirituality, ambition

● Pink – Compassion, sincerity, sophistication, sweetness

● Brown – Dependability, ruggedness, trustworthiness, simplicity

● Black – Formality, drama, sophistication, security

● White – Cleanliness, simplicity, innocence, honesty

These associations explain why certain colours are used in branding, fashion, or even daily life choices. For example, hospitals often use green or blue for their calming effect, while red is used in advertisements to grab attention.

What is colour synaesthesia?

Synaesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to an automatic, involuntary experience in another pathway. In simple words, the senses “cross over.”

Colour synaesthesia is a type of synaesthesia in which a non-coloured stimulus, or inducer, consistently and involuntarily causes the perception of colour. Importantly, for synaesthetes, this is not just imagination – it is a real and internal experience.

Possible inducers of colour

Graphemes (letters and numbers): This is the most common form, called grapheme–colour synaesthesia. For example, the letter A may always appear red, while the number 7 is consistently yellow. Each person has unique colour mappings.

Sounds: In chromesthesia (sound-to-colour synaesthesia), hearing music, spoken words, or even a car horn may trigger flashes of colour.

Concepts: Some people associate colours with abstract ideas, such as days of the week, months, or even emotions.

Key Characteristics of Colour Synaesthesia

Involuntary: The colour experience happens automatically without conscious effort.

Consistent: Associations remain stable over time. If the number 4 is blue today, it will be blue even decades later.

Specific: Each colour is precise. A synaesthete may know that B is cobalt blue, not just “any” blue.

Types of experience

Projector Synaesthesia: Colours are perceived as if they are physically projected onto the outside world. For example, the number 4 printed in black may be seen as blue.

Associator Synaesthesia: The person experiences the colour in their “mind’s eye.” They don’t see it externally but internally sense the colour whenever they encounter the inducer.

Why does it happen?

Synaesthesia is not a disease but a difference in brain wiring. It is thought to arise from extra connections between sensory regions of the brain, possibly due to genetic factors. Approximately 4% of the population experiences some form of synaesthesia, with colour synaesthesia being one of the most common.

Many synaesthetes see it as a unique gift because it can:

Aid memory (e.g., remembering spellings and numbers).

Boost creativity (many artists and musicians report having synaesthesia).

Offer a richer sensory world.

Even modern computers are inspired by this phenomenon, using artificial “colour coding” to detect errors or prevent cyber-attacks.

The fascination of colours

Colours influence the way we think, feel, and express ourselves. For synaesthetes, this experience goes beyond symbolism – it is a vivid, lifelong perception that makes their inner world richer and more colourful.

Next time you see a colour, think of its meaning – and imagine how extraordinary it must feel to “see sounds” or “colour numbers” like a synaesthete!

The Flying Revolution

DRONES 

A drone, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), is an aircraft that operates without a human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. These vehicles can be controlled remotely by an operator on the ground or, in more advanced models, can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans and a variety of sensors.

History of Drones: The idea of unmanned flight is not new—it dates back centuries, but drones as we know them evolved mainly through military and technological needs.

18th Century: The earliest examples include explosive-laden balloons used in warfare.

World War I: Experimental “aerial torpedoes” like the British Aerial Target and the American Kettering Bug were created, but never used in combat.

1930s: The word “drone” is believed to have originated from the DH.82B Queen Bee, a British radio-controlled aircraft used for target practice.

Vietnam War: Drones were widely used for reconnaissance, psychological operations, and as decoys.

Post 9/11: Military drones became essential for surveillance and targeted strikes.

2000s: Commercial and consumer drone production expanded rapidly, with models like the DJI Phantom making drones popular for photography and recreation.

Parts of a Drone

1. Frame

The body structure of the drone that holds all components together.

Usually made of lightweight but strong materials like carbon fibre or plastic.

2. Motors

Provide the rotational force to spin the propellers.

A quadcopter has 4 motors, hexacopter has 6, etc.

3. Propellers

The blades that spin to generate lift and thrust.

Shape and size affect speed, stability, and efficiency.

4. Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs)

Act as the connection between the battery and motors.

Control how fast each motor spins.

5. Flight Controller (FC)

The “brain” of the drone.

Processes data from sensors and user commands to keep the drone stable and responsive.

6. Battery

Provides power to the motors and electronic systems.

Most drones use rechargeable lithium-polymer (Li-Po) batteries.

7. Radio Receiver / Transmitter (Remote Control System)

Transmitter (handheld remote) sends signals from the pilot.

Receiver (on the drone) accepts signals and passes them to the flight controller.

8. GPS Module

Allows drones to know their position and fly autonomously using coordinates.

Helps in “Return-to-Home” (RTH) function.

9. Sensors

Gyroscope & Accelerometer → Keep the drone stable and balanced.

Barometer → Measures air pressure to maintain altitude.

Obstacle sensors → Help avoid collisions (in advanced drones).

10. Camera & Gimbal (in camera drones)

Camera → Captures photos and videos.

Gimbal → A stabilizing mount that keeps the camera steady for smooth footage.

11. Landing Gear

Supports safe take-off and landing.

May be fixed or retractable in advanced drones.

In short, a drone works because the frame holds everything, the battery powers the motors, the propellers generate lift, and the flight controller + sensors keep it balanced and responsive.

Types of Drones

Drones are classified by their design, wing type, or purpose.

1. Multi-Rotor Drones

Includes quadcopters, hexacopters, and octocopters.

Pros: Easy to fly, hover in place, suitable for aerial photography.

Cons: Short flight time, limited payload.

2. Fixed-Wing Drones

Look like traditional airplanes.

Pros: Long flight times, cover large areas, useful for mapping and agriculture.

Cons: Cannot hover, need runway or catapult for takeoff.

3. Single-Rotor Drones

Resemble helicopters.

Pros: Longer flight time, higher payload.

Cons: Expensive, mechanically complex.

4. Fixed-Wing Hybrid VTOL

Blend of fixed-wing and multi-rotor.

Pros: Take off/land vertically and fly long distances.

Cons: Technologically complex and costly.

Uses and Applications of Drones

Drones have moved far beyond the battlefield to transform industries and daily life.

🔹 Recreational

Aerial photography and videography

Drone racing and hobbies

🔹 Commercial

Filmmaking & Media: Capturing stunning aerial shots.

Agriculture: Crop monitoring, pesticide spraying, soil analysis.

Surveying & Mapping: Creating 3D models and topographic maps.

Delivery: Transporting packages, food, and medical supplies.

Infrastructure Inspection: Power lines, bridges, wind turbines, oil rigs.

🔹 Public Service

Search & Rescue: Reaching disaster-hit or remote areas.

Law Enforcement: Crowd monitoring, surveillance, crime scene analysis.

Environmental Monitoring: Wildlife tracking, pollution checks, climate studies.

Technological Advancements

Recent innovations are making drones more advanced, efficient, and intelligent.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML): Enables object recognition, obstacle avoidance, and autonomous decision-making.

5G & Connectivity: Faster data transfer, real-time control, long-distance operation.

Swarm Technology: Multiple drones working together for complex tasks like search missions or light shows.

Advanced Sensors: LiDAR, thermal cameras, hyperspectral imaging for specialized applications.

Better Power Sources: Hydrogen fuel cells and solar-powered drones for longer flight times.

Advantages of Drones

Access to dangerous or remote areas.

Time- and cost-saving.

Real-time aerial data and monitoring.

Challenges and Concerns

Privacy risks due to camera misuse.

Airspace safety issues and risk of collisions.

Misuse for illegal or harmful activities.

Limited battery life in small drones.

Conclusion: From military roots to everyday applications, drones have come a long way. They are now revolutionizing industries, aiding in public service, and opening creative opportunities. As technology continues to advance, drones will likely play an even bigger role in shaping transportation, agriculture, security, and entertainment in the future.