KALARIPAYATTU
Introduction: Kalaripayattu, often hailed as the “mother of all martial arts,” is one of the oldest fighting systems in the world. It originated in Kerala, a state on the southwestern coast of India, and is deeply intertwined with the region’s history, culture, and mythology. More than just a combat technique, Kalaripayattu is a holistic discipline that combines physical training, weapon mastery, healing traditions, and spiritual practice.
Etymology and History:
The word Kalaripayattu comes from two Malayalam words:
Kalari – meaning “training ground” or “battlefield.”
Payattu – meaning “fight” or “practice.”
While the exact origins are debated, references to martial training appear as early as the Sangam period (3rd century BCE – 3rd century CE) and in the Dhanurveda, an ancient Indian text on warfare.
Tradition attributes its creation to sage Parashurama, who is believed to have reclaimed the land of Kerala from the sea and trained its people in martial discipline.
By the 11th and 12th centuries, Kalaripayattu had become a vital part of Kerala’s socio-political system, with local rulers and chieftains maintaining trained warriors.
Training was not limited to a single caste—Nairs, Ezhavas, Muslims, and Christians all practiced and mastered the art.
Many scholars also argue that Kalaripayattu influenced martial traditions in Asia, including the development of Chinese martial arts carried by Buddhist monks and travelers.
Styles of Kalaripayattu:
Over time, Kalaripayattu evolved into regional variations, the most prominent being:
1. Vadakkan Kalari (Northern Style)
Origin: Malabar region (North Kerala).
Known for graceful, flowing movements, dynamic footwork, and acrobatics.
Emphasis on a wide range of weapons, agility, and high jumps.
2. Thekkan Kalari (Southern Style)
Origin: Travancore region (South Kerala).
Focuses on powerful strikes, free-hand combat, and marma (vital point) techniques.
Movements are compact, forceful, and direct, with devastating applications.
Some traditions also mention Madhya Kalari (Central Style), which combines elements of both northern and southern systems.
Stages of Training:
Training in Kalaripayattu is systematic, progressing from physical fitness to mastery of advanced weaponry. The four main stages are:
1. Meythari (Meyppayattu) – Body conditioning
Stretching, kicks, jumps, and strengthening exercises.
Emphasis on balance, flexibility, and animal-inspired postures (vadivukal) such as the elephant, lion, and snake.
2. Kolthari (Kolpayattu) – Wooden weapons
Training with long staff (kettukari), short stick (kuruvadi), and curved stick (otti).
3. Angathari (Aayudha Abhyasam) – Metal weapons
Mastery of sword and shield, spear, dagger, and the legendary Urumi (a flexible, whip-like sword unique to Kalaripayattu).
4. Verumkai (Adikkai) – Bare-handed combat
Grappling, strikes, joint locks, throws, and pressure point attacks.
Deep knowledge of the body’s 108 marma points (vital spots) used for both healing and self-defense.
The Kalari (Training Ground):
The Kalari is not just a gym but a sacred space. Traditionally:
It is built according to Vastu Shastra (Hindu architectural science).
Usually, a rectangular pit is dug below ground level, covered with a thatched roof.
The training begins with salutations to deities and the Guru, symbolising discipline and humility.
Healing and Ayurveda:
Kalaripayattu is closely linked with Ayurveda and Kalari Chikitsa (traditional therapy).
Practitioners use herbal medicines and therapeutic massages for injury recovery.
Marma therapy helps in balancing energy points, relieving pain, and enhancing flexibility.
Thus, the system is not only combative but also restorative and holistic.
Philosophy and Cultural Influence:
Kalaripayattu teaches discipline, respect, courage, and mindfulness.
Movements from Kalari have influenced Kerala’s classical dances, such as Kathakali and Mohiniyattam, in terms of posture, strength, and expressions.
Today, it is performed both as a martial art and a cultural showcase for Kerala’s heritage.
Modern Relevance:
Though once associated with warfare, Kalaripayattu now thrives as:
A martial art for self-defense and fitness.
A performance art in festivals and tourism programs.
A tool for mental focus and meditation.
A healing practice integrated with yoga and Ayurveda.
Conclusion: Kalaripayattu is not merely about fighting; it is a way of life that harmonises the body, mind, and spirit. With its blend of combat, healing, and philosophy, it remains one of India’s greatest cultural treasures. Rooted in Kerala yet global in its influence, Kalaripayattu continues to inspire martial artists, performers, and health enthusiasts around the world.
