Judo
The word literally translates as “gentle way” since ju means ‘gentle’ and do means ‘way’. It is gentle because its fundamental tenet is to use your opponent’s own weight and strength against him or her, allowing a smaller person to defeat a much larger opponent through ability, strategy, technique and time. The majority of sports judo techniques can be practised by people of all ages and genders.
History of Judo
As the knowledge of unarmed fighting arts (jitsu) spread throughout the Orient, coming last to Japan, the subdivision multiplied as did names by which the arts were known: Wojitsu, Tai-jitsu, Go shin Jitsu, Ai Jitsu, and many others. Dr Jigoro Kano, a Japanese college professor, spent many years studying various ancient fighting arts, evaluating, comparing and practising them. Finally, in 1882, he put together the techniques to create a new art which he called Judo.
Dr Kano’s vision for judo was, as he wrote: “Judo should be one all-pervading principle governing the whole field, and that principle should be the highest or most efficient use of mental as well as physical energy directed to the accomplishment of a certain definite purpose or aim. Once the real importance of this purpose is understood, it may be applied to all phases of life and activity, thereby enabling one to lead the highest and most rational life.”
Present-day Judo
Today, judo is one of the most widely-spread martial arts with over 10 million practitioners. Kodokan is judo’s main centre for training and administration (Kodokan is the name given by Dr Kano to his dojo). You need not be contest-minded to take up judo. It is not purely about physical, it’s also about good attitude, behaviour, and adhering to class etiquette and decorum. We see this reflected in the oath every student joining Kodokan takes: “Once I have entered the Kodokan, I will not end my study without reasonable cause; I will not dishonour the dojo; unless I am given permission, I will not disclose the secrets that I have been taught, unless I am given permission, I will not teach judo; pupil first, teacher second, I will always follow the rules of the dojo.”
Judo Grade
Unarmed fighting arts, in their original form, had no ranks, degrees, uniforms, or belts. Awarding a belt for proficiency is relatively new. The sports judo belt was first given some 150 years ago. One rule is absolute: An individual may not grade himself in belt rank, irrespective of his proficiency. The judgement must be made by someone who is able to evaluate the individual either by his seniority of rank or proficiency. Originally, there were only two colour belts in judo, namely white and black. Then the brown belt was introduced as an intermediate grade. Today, there are many styles in judo, variance has crept in the colour scheme for grades at kyu (learners) level. It streamlines at the black belt. When you get your black belt, you are a first dan. The highest rank awarded is the 10th dan. Only 15 individuals have been promoted by Kodokan to the 10th dan.
Technique Categories in Judo
Judo techniques are categorized by which body part is used to execute a throw. There is a whole category of how to break a fall too. As it is easier to learn how to throw than to receive it, most students joining are eager to learn how to throw. Judo techniques are broadly divided into four categories:
1. Ukemi-waza (Breakfall): Until you have learned how to fall safely, do not allow yourself to be thrown. You can hurt yourself badly and may end up with a permanent injury. It is important to learn how to break a fall when thrown from different angles at any speed. Remember, learning breakfall is a lifetime asset.
2. Nage-waza (Throwing techniques): Throws are the essence of what judo is mostly about. Throws are divided into four categories, namely: Te-waza (hand technique), Koshi-waza (hip technique), Ashi-waza (foot and leg technique), Sutemi-waza (Sacrifice technique) and Yokosutemi-waza (side sacrifice technique)
3. Katami-waza (Groundwork techniques): These are techniques to pin your opponent to the ground: Osa-komiwaza (hold down technique) and Shime-waza (strangle technique).
4. Gyaku-waza (Joints-locking techniques): There is a fifth category of technique called atemi-waza (hand and foot blow technique). These techniques are never used in free sparring (randori) or contest (shiai). Few schools offer instructions in both sport judo and self-defence. I
Judo Matches
Judo matches are won in four ways:
● When a throw (nage-waza) is properly executed, i.e., dropping the opponent onto his back or side.
● An immobilization hold down called osaekomi, in which a person is held down, controlled on his back or side for a period of thirty seconds.
● A choke called shime-waza, directed against the blood vessels of the neck, causing the opponent to lose consciousness or to submit.
● Joint lock when applied, called gyaku-waza, directed against the elbow causing the opponent to submit so as to avoid a fracture.
Self-Defence
Sports judo training may prepare a person for self-defence. The important fact is that throwing techniques and groundwork techniques are not the best ways to cope with common street attacks. An exceptional judoka with years of training in sport judo can apply some techniques in some self-defence situations.
Techniques Snippet
Back Fall (Backward Roll cum Fall)
1. Start from a seated position, legs straight forward, hands on your knees, head slightly forward.
2. Fall gently back with a rolling (not thrusting) motion, raising your hands to get more power in the slap. Keep the body slightly curled.
3. Finish by slapping the mat with force, just before the upper back touches the mat. The head never hits the mat. Avoid jerking back into the fall. Hit the mat with the palms of your hands cupped, arms fully extended, and close to the body. Slapping absorbs impact and allows you to fall with less jarring action to your back and to your internal organs.
In conclusion, judo, with its gentle yet effective principles, remains a popular and widely-practised martial art worldwide. Its rich history, universal techniques, and emphasis on respect and discipline, make it an invaluable pursuit. Whether for sport or self-improvement, judo offers a profound path to physical and mental growth.
